Dementia Awareness Unit Essay

1. Explain what the term Dementia means 2. Describe the key functions of the brain that are affected by dementia 3. Explain why depression, delirium and age related memory impairment may be mistaken for dementia 4. Outline the medical models of dementia 5. Outline the social models of dementia 6. Explain why dementia should be viewed as a disability 7. List the most common causes of dementia 8. Describe the likely signs and symptoms of the most common causes of dementia 9. Outline the risk factors for the most common causes of dementia 10. Identify prevalence rates for different types of dementia 11. Describe how different individuals may experience living with dementia depending on age, type of dementia, and level of ability and disability 12. Outline the impact that the attitudes and behaviours of others may have on an individual with dementia 1. Explain what the term Dementia means Dementia is a term used to describe the symptoms that occur when the brain is affected by specific diseases and conditions. Dementia is a syndrome do to disease of the brain, usually of a chronic progression nature in which there are multiple disturbances of higher cognitive function. Symptoms of dementia include loss of memory, confusion and problems with speech and understanding. 2. Describe the key functions of the brain that are affected by dementia The key function of the brain affected by dementia are: impairment of memory thinking, and orientation, learning abilities, language and jugement.The resulting disability depends on the interaction between the underlying disease process, the individual and the social environment. 3. Explain why depression, delirium and age related memory impairment may be mistaken for dementia. Dementia often is developing slowly and is not always obvious in the early stages. There are symptoms similar to dementia seen in other illnesses and  sometimes it can be difficult to tell apart dementia from the usual forgetfulness seen in normal ageing. Also there are many other reason why people become forgetful, depressed, anxious, mood changing. Symptoms can be related to some medicines and drugs, vitamin deficiency, thyroid problems. 4. Outline the medical models of dementia Medical model relates to clinical approach, how the changes occur within the brain, managing the condition with medication, etc Dementia as a clinical syndrome is characterised by global cognitive impairment, which represents a decline from previous level of functioning, and is associated with impairment in functional abilities and, in many cases, behavioural and psychiatric disturbances. 5. Outline the social models of dementia Social model is more about the person, how it affects individuals, seeks to understand the emotions and behaviours of the person with dementia by placing him or her within the context of his or her social circumstances and biography. Looking at a person with dementia as an individual, with his or her own history and background, care and support can be designed to be more appropriate to individual needs. 6. Explain why dementia should be viewed as a disability Dementia is not a normal part of the aging process; it is a disease of the brain that leads to disability of cognitive function, behavioural or motor deficits. People with dementia are not able to live alone, they are a risk for them and for others; they need continuing supervision, carers who are trained to meet their needs. Dementia is progressive, which means the symptoms will gradually get worse. 7. List the most common causes of dementia Dementia it is a big umbrella term used to cover different conditions that cause dementia. There are many different types of dementia, the most common are Alzheimer’s disease, Vascular Dementia, Lewy body dementia, Alcohol related dementia, Front temporal dementia. All types of dementia are characterized by abnormal neurodegeneration, which is brain cells dying daily. This leads to cognitive, behavioural or motor deficits. One of the ways to categorized dementia is by where the damage to these cells is occurring in the brain. Alzheimer’s disease cause loss of brain cells, neurons, cause by what are called plagues and tangles in the brain. Plagues comprise of protein, known as amyloid which attach themselves to cells in the brain and ultimately destroys them. Tangles are bundles of abnormal fibres which consist in protein called tau.Alzheimer disease can be seen throughout the brain but is particularly noticeable in the temporal and parietal lobes. It also changes in the brain neurotransmitter system, the chemical messages which allow communication between brain cells breaks down. Vascular Dementia usually is due to a thrombosis, a cloth forming in a vessel which then leads to areas of brain cell death. Lewy body dementia. People with this type of dementia have brain plagues like someone with Alzheimer’s but have fewer tangles and instead have Lewy bodies which are pink staining structures found in neurones brain cells. Front temporal dementia is a degeneration of frontal and temporal lobes of the brain parts there are controlling the behaviour, emotional responses ore language skills. It is a rare form of dementia affecting younger people under the age of 65. Alcohol related dementia caused by atrophy of the brain associated with alcohol consuming. 8. Describe the likely signs and symptoms of the most common causes of dementia Alzheimer’s disease: Slow onset, Memory problems, poor concentration, word finding difficulty, impaired reasoning, increasing frequency and severity of symptoms, problem initiating new ideas, failure to recognise people, places, objects. Vascular dementia: Patchy brain impairments, abrupt onset, insight present, depression common, aphasia can be more prominent, personality changes. Lewy body dementia : memory loss, low attention spam, confusion, lost sense of smell, hallucination, delusion, slowness of movement, shaking of hands and legs, shuffling, sleep disturbance, loss of facial expression. Front temporal dementia: Apathy, routines and obsessions, speech fluent intact, little insight, loos of social awareness, neglect of responsibilities, poor judgement and impaired reasoning. 9. Outline the risk factors for the most common causes of dementia The main factor is old age; over 80 years old it is more likely to develop dementia. The risk factors can be: Unhealthy diet (excess of fat, animal protein, high processed food), obesity, smoking, misuse of alcohol, high blood pressure, lack of exercise, cardio- vascular diseases, and genetic background. A healthy lifestyle may reduce the risk of developing the disease. 10. Identify prevalence rates for different types of dementia Both man and woman get dementia. Dementia affects mainly older people but it can affect younger people. In UK there are about 750.000 people with dementia and 18.500 people under age of 65. Over 17.000 people got Alzheimer; it represents 40-50% of people with dementia. About 10% of people with dementia are known as mixed dementia. Vascular dementia, the second cause after Alzheimer affects about 20% of all dementia. Lewy bodies’ dementia affects about 19% of all dementia and it is believed to increase. Fronto-temporal dementia is one of the rarer types, affecting men and women under 65. It is the second cause for dementia in younger people (under 65) and is the third most common cause for this group of age. Korsakoff syndrome is diagnosed in about one in eight people with alcoholism. Present in about 2% of general population, it is affecting mainly man between 45 and 65 Parkinson dementia represents around 2% of all causes of dementia in the UK. 11. Describe how different individuals may experience living with dementia depending on age, type of dementia, and level of ability and disability Depending of the type of dementia, age, personality, environmental, individuals can experience different challenges despite of the pattern of the disease. Dementia is classified in three stages: early dementia, moderate dementia, severe dementia. In earlier stage a person with dementia can appear more apathetic, louse inters on activities, not interested to try new things, be unable to adapted  to changes, poor judgements, blame others to steal things, became more forgetful to recent events ,be more irritable if they fail on something, have difficulty handling money. In this stage the symptoms are not so evident and can be easily related to old age or tiredness. In moderate stage the symptoms are more evident and disabling. A person became more forgetful, confuse about space and time, lost if it is an unfamiliar surroundings, forget familiar names or confuse one family member to other, wonder around on streets having disturbing nights, behave inappropriate, seeing or hearing things there are not there, become very repetitive, neglected on hygiene or eating, become angry, upset or distressed through frustration. In these cases a person is not able to live alone, will need supervision and assistance becoming a risk for him/her and others. Severe dementia, the person became severely disable and need total care and supervision. Memory is very poor, they can’t remember things even for a minute, louse the ability to understand or speech, became totally incontinent, did not recognise friends or family, need assistance in all ADL’s, being very disturbed at night, restless and aggressive, having difficulty walking, having uncontrolled movements, in time immobility will became permanent. Most people with dementia suffer some memory loss. Depend of the type of dementia, level of their disability, background, there can be some difference. For example in Alzheimer’s disease difficulty in functioning are regular, in Vascular dementia they may have patchy in what they can and cannot do or have some damage in specific areas or functioning and none in others. In Lewy Body dementia, people will have fluctuation in their cognitive state, memory functions tend to be better preserved. They can also have more prominent visual and auditory hallucinations, paranoid and depression may be common. In Front temporal dementia, in early stages the memory remains intact but the personality and behaviour will change. They can behave inappropriately, lose inhibition, language problems. Some abilities remain; even many are lost as the disease progress. The person still keeps their senses of touch and hearing and their ability to respond to emotion. A person with dementia may not be able to communicate their wishes and needs; they may not be able to tell if they are in pain; because of this they will use their behaviour to communicate. The behaviour of a person with dementia is a big challenge for carers. It will not always be clear what the person is trying to tell, it is up to the carer to try and find out what the person needs. Because a person with dementia is forgetful, confuse, became frighten not knowing where he/she is, not recognise the people, surroundings, he/she can show challenging behaviour. They can become aggressive, they can hurt themselves or others, shouting, wondering and usually trying to go out. Their personality can change and it is frustrating for family who know their beloved, a nice, calm person can become totally different. Although some symptoms are common to many people with dementia, each person’s experience with the disease will be different. Dementia it is a disability; a person with dementia will need someone to be with them all the time to meet their needs, to protect them for becoming a risk for them and others. 12. Outline the impact that the attitudes and behaviours of others may have on an individual with dementia Because behaviour, in my opinion, is the most challenging when caring for a person with dementia, carer has to be well informed about their client. Attitudes and behaviour of others may have a big impact in evolution of the disease. The behaviours shown by people with dementia happen for a reason The person with dementia’s behaviour may be related to something in their past life, a job or a role such as being mother or father. They may be trying to tell you that they are lonely and miss their family. Or they could be telling you that they want to feel useful. Provided person centred care is of the outmost importance, therefore is essential to have prior knowledge of the client’s past for example hobbies, family structure. A well structured plan of care for staff to follow is  essential, to treat the client as a human being is crucial and not as someone with dementia. Many people with dementia have a fragile sense of self-worth; it’s especially important that people continue to treat them with courtesy, however advanced their dementia. A surrounding can influence person behaviour; a person with dementia can show bad behaviour just because he is trying to tell you something about their environment. It can be a noisy room, a cold room, they does not know where they are. The client with dementia should be safeguarded and protected from the conflictual situation, noisy environment, pain or unpleasant experiences which may trigger a challenging behaviour. The attitude of the people around, the way they speak or behave may influence the mood of someone with dementia. It is best to stay calm, provide reassurance and distract the person attention to something pleasant for him. The carers and family must understand that the person’s behaviour is not something he can control, or something he means it. Understanding, tolerance, encouragement and kindness while preserving the dignity of the person is the best way to cope while carrying for a client with dementia. It’s very important that people with dementia are treated with respect, to remember that a person with dementia is a unique and valuable human being, despite their illness.

Environmental Factors Of Oil Industry Environmental Sciences Essay

The Omans Environmental National Strategy motion has moved from the periphery to going a cardinal chief watercourse issue. This model towards Biodiversity and the preservation for natural life in agribusiness, Marine, tellurian, and H2O resources is the 2nd ‘wave that has begun to do a displacement in concern thought. Pull offing environmental facets and impacts consistently is about being proactive instead than reactive towards environmental issues. This merge of ecological and economic factors into the pattern of concern direction is critical to accomplishing Oman s environmental preservation aims, and for MB Holding to turn to these alterations and guarantee sustainability. Our environmental policies and criterions, regulative and enforcement patterns, monitoring, scrutinizing and describing supply the communities the confidence that the environment is being protected. MB Holding has established four environmental mark countries which include waste minimisation and direction, pollution bar, resource preservation, and energy efficiency. We aspire to taking inaugural and in developing eco-friendly solutions to environmental issues that may originate from our merchandises, operations and concern activities. We are responsible for the environment in which we work in, and this dedication is demonstrated throughout our work force, our clients and stockholders relationships. We continually seek to transcend conformity and to minimise resource ingestion, and inauspicious environmental impact, limited merely by technologically and economic viability. MB Petroleum steadfastly believes that the complete integrating of its activities with the local environment is most of import in accomplishing its development aims. The company s HSE civilization is extremely maintained by clear policies, processs and engagement of all employees in placing jeopardies, describing a possible hazard and near girls. In MB Petroleum, all employees and contractors are responsible and accountable for HSE public presentation. HSE focal point countries are based on the communicating, competency, equipments, supervising and behaviour safety through route shows. The primary drive aim is to forestall hurts to people around ; to safeguard the wellness of the employees ; to forestall harm to equipment and assets ; and to protect the environment. Pollution control and issues such as air emanations, effluent taint and the direction of risky waste are critical concerns that require sustained attempts in placing the impacts of merchandises and services throughout their lifecycles, including design, cut down, reuse and recycling of equipment and stuffs. MBPS squads are to the full cognizant of their duties to our clients and community stakeholders and hence committed to a robust waste direction plan throughout all their operations. These environmental sound patterns incorporate decrease in stuffs, risky stuffs segregation, and reclaimable stuffs.Socio Economics and Land UseThe cardinal impact issues can be grouped under four headers: i‚ · struggles in land usage i‚ · viing demand for H2O i‚ · farm animal and wildlife safety i‚ · nuisance, chiefly from dust and litter Conflicts in land usage will happen and necessitate to be recognised. There is small that can be done straight without impacting commercial precedences. Mobile life is traditional in this portion of the universe. Freedom to roll and utilize broad countries of the state is a requirement of nomads. If nomadism is to be preserved as a life style, so some steps may necessitate to be considered in order to guarantee that it is non put at hazard unnecessarily by any proposed developments. The demand for livestock safety must be taken earnestly and processs instigated to guarantee it. Livestock and nomadism are synonymous. The demand for H2O ( drinkable and non-potable ) is nationally perceived as a major issue. PDO produces and consumes measures of both drinkable and non-potable groundwater. There is a demand to guarantee that the present degree of use or demand is non baleful national H2O resources. There is besides a demand to guarantee continued entree to set up H2O points for the local citizens as a societal and cultural duty. Nuisance from traffic and building generated dust and wayside litter are issues, peculiarly in the locality of wadis and colonies. New developments should recognize these possible jobs and allow control steps should be implemented.EcologyThe PDO operational countries cover a broad scope of ecological home grounds with different grades of ecological sensitiveness and preservation importance. However, because of the built-in breakability of the desert environment, with many animate beings and workss populating under conditions of terrible temperature and H2O emphasis, harm is easy caused. As geographic expedition and development of hydrocarbon militias continue, so they will progressively hold more impact on the Interior. A preservation oriented attack to all PDO activities, new developments and Restoration of old sites is indispensable to understate these future impacts. The grade of ecological impact is besides affected by whether or non hydrocarbon militias are really proved and later exploited. This leads to a much greater cumulative ecological impact through the big figure and consequent higher denseness of good sites and production and support installations which may be required. Ecological impacts in these fortunes can be cumulative, long-run and terrible, particularly if happening in countries of preservation importance. In countries where isolated Wellss are drilled and later abandoned, direct impacts on the environment are comparatively localized. PDO has already implemented environmental protection guidelines in two of its countries ( the Arabian Oryx Project country and the Salalah/Jebel Qara country ) aimed at understating impacts. In the Salalah part, impacts upon the environment from PDO geographic expedition good boring have been minimum due to the strict execution of extenuation steps. Other than the development of oil militias, the building of ranked roads and grapevines across PDO s operational country is likely the largest impact PDO has on the ecology. The graduated table and significance of these impacts and associated effects may be important. The possible impacts on land based ecology may be considered relative to the country of land disturbed by a specific activity. By contrast, the greatest possible impacts from coastal and seaward operations are those related to leakage or spillage of oil during geographic expedition and production activities.ArcheologyOman is rich in archeology and has the possible to do a part of importance to the apprehension of both Southern Arabia and the Gulf Region. Paradoxically, comparatively small archeological research has been undertaken in the Near and Middle East. The archeological remains of all periods are a delicate, non-renewable resource and are protected by jurisprudence. The grounds of past human activity can be easy destroyed by deficiency of consciousness or consideration during development of a new undertaking. Wherever possible the best pattern is to continue grounds or remains in situ. Where saving is non possible and development is proposed which will hold an impact on archeology, best pattern is to see extenuation steps against standards associating to the affected site s period, nature, extent, quality and rareness. The bing degree of archeological cognition refering to PDO s operational country is excessively low for a consistent extenuation scheme to be formulated at either a general or site-specific degree. New undertakings and developments may hold to see commissioning a plan of archeological informations aggregation.GeologyOman s geological heritage provides may sites and countries where authoritative geological and alone land characteristics occur. At present, no guidelines exist to help in placing or ranking single sites which may be a ffected by PDO s activities. The importance of specific geological characteristics has merely late been considered in some countries of activity ( e.g. , seismal studies ) . Because of the elaborate cognition of Oman s geology held in PDO, it would be a comparatively straightforward exercising to include a reappraisal of important geological characteristics into the EA procedure. A opinion could so be made on the demand for any specific safeguards which will be required.Hydrology and Hydro-geologySeveral PDO activities, notably boring and production H2O disposal, may ensue in impacts upon H2O resources which are likely to be important. Some residuary impacts may happen and these are likely to be ineluctable even after following all possible extenuation. Any techniques to cut down the sum of production H2O, such as down hole dewatering, should be considered since production H2O disposal is predicted to be PDO s major disposal issue in the extroverted old ages. Drinkable H2O from aquifers is a cherished resource in Oman and any possible for taint is a sensitive issue. It is most of import to confer with Exploration in all affairs associating to hydrogeology and hydrology.Air qualityAir quality effects associated with geographic expedition and building activities tend to be localised and transient in nature. The most important impact normally consequences from the building and usage of entree roads when big measures of dust are generated. In countries remote from any colonies, this dust emanation is improbable to be a major impact. Emissions from lasting works such as big engines, gas turbines, flairs, procedure works and cold blowholes may hold important effects depending upon the propinquity of local population or other sensitive receiving systems. There are methods by which emanation rates can be estimated and modeled to foretell the end point land degree concentrations of major air pollutants ( e.g. , NOx, SOx, CO and hydrocarbons ) . Emissions of nursery gases ( CH4, CO2 ) are non important in footings of local air quality effects. However, entire emanations from these activities need to be considered and their significance evaluated on a national or regional footing. Sour gas emanations need careful appraisal with regard to anchor flat concentration due to the utmost toxicity of H2S.Noise and VibrationNoise impacts are potentially important but this is related entirely to the presence of residential communities which are rare across most of the grant country. Where developments are planned near to urban countries, baseline noise studies should be made. An appraisal of possible noise impact should so be undertaken. Site or undertaking specific noise extenuation may be required in order to avoid future jobs.TrafficThe demand to supply route entree consequences in a figure of environmental effects. A big web of roads has already been constructed throughout PDO s grant country and this web is being continually expanded to run into the demands of oil geographic expedition and production. Construction causes physical harm to the desert environment. In many countries this harm will be lasting. A potentially larger term impact, intensifying that straight caused by PDO, arises through the physique up of conveyance corridors and easing communicating links between colonies which did non be before the new route was built. Invasion into sensitive countries may take to struggles with Oman s preservation aims. Because of the mostly negative environmental effects of route building, it is of import that due consideration is given to understating these impacts through careful planning of paths. Road edifice should be based upon making the minimal substructure needed to fulfill operational demands. The current policy of unfastened entree to roads in the Interior is apt to take to struggles with preservation involvements and should be considered really carefully in new undertakings.DirtsDesert dirts are delicate and can be easy damaged during oil geographic expedition and building activities. The most effectual agencies of understating impacts is to curtail the demand for new sites to be developed through maximizing production from bing Wellss. This can be achieved through boring techniques such as side path boring which are already being used in PDO. The nature of geographic expedition and production activities means that there is considerable possible for localized dirt taint non merely from rough oil but besides from the usage of chemicals, Diesel etc. In add-on, bing methods of sewerage disposal at rig sites and cantonments have the possible to do taint.HazardPossible ConsequenceGaseous emanations of methane ( CH4 ) Global warming/atmospheric ozone addition Gaseous emanations of S oxides ( SOx ) Acid deposition, H2O and dirt acidification Gaseous emanations of N oxides ( NOx ) Atmospheric ozone, acerb deposition Gaseous emanations of azotic oxide ( N2O ) Global heating, stratospheric ozone depletion Gaseous emanations of C dioxide ( CO2 ) Global heating Gaseous emanations of C monoxide ( CO ) Human wellness harm Gaseous emanations of H sulphide ( H2S ) Human wellness harm, odour nuisance Gaseous emanations of volatile organic compounds ( VOC ) Atmospheric ozone addition, human wellness harm Gaseous emanations of organic toxics ( PAH, PCB ) Human wellness harm, ecological harm Emissions of all right particulate affair Human wellness harm, soot deposition Emissions of toxic metals Human wellness harm, ecological harm Emissions of odorous compounds Nuisance Emissions of radiation Human wellness harm, ecological harm Emissions of heat Nuisance, ecological harm Emissions of visible radiation Nuisance Emissions of noise/vibration Nuisance Emissions of CFCs ( CFC ) Global heating, stratospheric ozone depletion Emissions of halons Global heating, stratospheric ozone depletion Spills and leaks of rough oil or distillations Ecological harm, biological harm Emissions of dissolved organic compounds Ecological harm, biological harm, tainting of fish Emissions of soluble heavy metals Ecological harm, biological harm through accretion Emissions of soluble salts Increased salt, biological harm Emissions of boring mud/cuttings/chemicals Ecological harm, biological harm Emissions of organic foods ( NH4, PO4 ) Eutrophication Emissions of suspended solids Ecological harm Emissions of oil and lubricating oil ( O/G ) Ecological harm, biological harm Emissions of hot/cold wastewater Ecological harm Emissions of detergents/solvents/cleaners Eutrophication, ecological harm, biological harm Emissions of pathogens Human wellness harm Emissions of anoxic wastewater Ecological harm, biological harm Land disposal of risky wastes Ecological harm, biological harm Land disposal of domestic wastes Ecological harm, nuisance Land take for operations Habitat loss, ecological harm Energy usage for operations Loss of resources Volume of H2O used Loss of resources Volume of natural stuff usage Loss of resources Soil compression from heavy vehicles Alteration of hydrologyENVIRONMENT FACTORS AFFECTING OMAN TOURISM INDUSTRYThe touristry industry of Oman is one of the turning industry in the state. The capital of Oman was named as the 2nd best metropolis to see by travel usher publishing house Lonely planet. The chief attractive force of Oman touristry is it s natural beauties and it s storied past. Peoples from western states visit Oman in order to interact with the Muslim society who are isolated from the modern universe a long clip before. Geting a visa for sing Oman is besides non really hard. A individual entry degree visa is issued for the tourer who wants to see Oman. This visa is valided for one month merely as it is a tourer visa. A mulct of $ 4 is charged per twenty-four hours beyond the 30 twenty-four hours for the tourer. There are besides express visa, a multiple entry or a common visa for the circuit in Qatar, Dubai and a GCC occupant visa. As we have seen Oman touristry is a flourishing industry, it attracts a big figure of tourer while leads to endanger the environment by emphasizing the states resources such as H2O, land etc. Any state has a limited resources of H2O, land etc. As more & A ; more tourist visit the state, they would get these resources which threatens the states resources for the hereafter as it is limited resources. The authorities of Oman plays a critical function in the development of the touristry industry. Visa limitation was eased by Oman s authorities has lead increase the figure of tourer in the last few old ages while has led to develop in the substructure to run into the demand. The authorities of Oman is concentrating on foreign investing in the undertakings such as Parkss, hotels, eating houses, golf cources etc.The current bound by authorities on the figure of tourer is 50,000 tourer per twelvemonth, but the authorities is be aftering to spread out this bound by 100000 tourer per twelvemonth. Oman state is known for it s diverse environment. In order to pull the tourer they are require to supply better substructure, hotels, eating house, golf cources. This would finally emphasize the states resources such as land, H2O, economic resources etc. Environmental Factors Affecting Tourism Industry Climate Water quality Natural resources Solid waste Culture & A ; heritage Wildlife & A ; Parks Pollution Climate The clime of the Oman is hot in nature. It has a really small rainfall in a individual twelvemonth. The one-year rainfall ranges between 5-10 centimeter in a twelvemonth in the major parts of the state. The bulk of rain falls in the month of January in the Muscat. Dhofar is subjected to the sou'-west monsoon and rainfall is recorded up to 65 centimeter in the rainy season from June to October. Where as the mountain country has recorded more rainfall peculiarly near to the island of Masirah. The clime other than these season is really hot where the temperature ranges from 50-55 degree Celsiuss from may to September. Where as in the winter the temperature goes from 15-23 degree Celsiuss which normally attracts the bulk of the tourer. The other coastral metropolis of salalah is comparatively cool for the 3 months of a twelvemonth which besides is one of the ground to pull the tourer. Consequences shows that the clime of Oman has a positive impact on the touristry industry. Oman Is going a popular vacation finish for the British people because of it s clime. The clime of the state besides makes the golfing most popular in the state. The clime of salalah is cool in nature comparison to the other parts of the state which chiefly attracts the people from European states to tour Oman. Water quality Water, and particularly fresh H2O, is one of the most critical natural resources. Oman depends on groundwater and it s limited rainfall for H2O. As more & A ; more people are touring the state the demand for the H2O rises. As H2O is a limited resources, it consequences into the deficit of H2O. In order to fulfill the deficit of H2O more & A ; more H2O purifiers are being used which increase the quality of H2O. Oil is besides an of import resource of the state. Oman transports more than 50 per of the oil produced in the universe through the sea of Oman. This besides consequences into the oil related pollution in the quality of H2O. 94 % of available H2O is used in farming and 2 % for industrial activity, with the bulk sourced from fossil H2O in the desert countries and spring H2O in hills and mountains. Decrease in the quality of H2O has a negative impact on the touristry industry. As more & A ; more undertakings for bettering the quality of H2O are being approved by the authorities, but still impacts negatively on the touristry industry. Natural resources Oman has a best natural resources to pull the tourer. It has the best threatened species included 12 types of mammals, 14 species of birds, 4 types of reptilians, 18 species of fish, 1 species of invertebrate, and 6 species of workss. Decrees have been passed in order to protect endangered species, which include the South Arabian leopard, mountain gazelle, goitered gazelle, Arabian tahr, green sea polo-neck, hawkbill polo-neck, and olive polo-neck. The archeological park are created in order to protect the natural resources of the state & A ; to pull tourers in the state. It is besides to inform people of this of import ancient metropolis in the Governorate of Dhofar. Oman has a 5000 old ages of history, encompassed within archeological sites, ancient architecture and alone mosques etc. Oman has the best natural resources to pull the foreign tourer in the state. It has over 500 historical garrisons, many mountain scopes, and a exuberant southern part – it means it has all the characteristics that the other gulf states are missing. The state already attracts a good figure of visitants from the Gulf Cooperation Council ( GCC ) provinces who are looking to get away the heat. In February 2004, the Omani authorities planed calls for the edifice of a marina, a five-star watering place and beachfront hotel, premium Villa, and a golf class on 7.3 kilometer of beachfront merely west of Muscat. The Wave will be the most ambitious tourer undertaking attempted in the state and now pulling a immense figure of tourers. Two other resorts, the Barr al-Jissah Resort and the Muscat Golf and County Club, besides provide ample private lodging. Large-scale resorts are besides being planned near Salalah in Dhofar. Oman has traditionally targeted wealthier Europeans. These visitants – normally composed of smaller groups – have by and large been thought to possess a greater sensitiveness to the more conservative facets of Omani society. Specifically, they are less likely to do the jobs with intoxicant normally endemic in big resorts and on bundle Tourss. Solid waste The state is traveling towards zero waste which has positively consequence on the touristry industry. Developing states are now a yearss seeking to do usage of the solid waste by recycling the waste through assorted engineerings. OESHCO ( oman environmental services keeping company ) is responsible for all cardinal waste direction countries including waste aggregation, transit, separation, and processing, recycling, incineration, land-filling, handling of solid, industrial ( risky and non-hazardous waste ) and medical waste and redress of environment tonss. As portion of this reconstituting plan, some major structural alterations may happen within Oman s waste direction sector including current entities being reorganized, new entities established, engagement of private sector through denationalization. OESHCO will set about the execution of the authorities s policy with respects to the direction and operation of the waste sector s activities in conformity with the national scheme being planned by the Ministry of National Economy. The state is endeavoring to set up 16 engineered landfills, 65 waste transportation Stationss and 4 waste treatmentA workss in different parts of the state by 2015.A Culture & A ; heritage Heritage The bequest that is been passed from one coevals to other such as art, civilization, folklore and the prowess has been a major attractive force for the tourer. But it has lot more to offer. The people are quiet in nature. They have regard for clip, and for nature. The gustatory sensation of the oman s rich heritage, kept alive and remains unchanged for coevalss. It boasts an high figure of UNESCO-classified World Heritage Sites including Al-Blaid ; site of the ancient metropolis of Zafar, Bat- with is known dating back 3,000 old ages, Bahla Fort, and Ras Al-Hadd ; place to the rare Green Sea Turtle. Oman ‘s heritage features a singular sea-faring tradition. There are many museum & A ; galleries are present in the metropolis of Muscat and Muttrah which shows the importance of the sea and of H2O by and large, throughout Oman ‘s 5,000 year-old history. So, the heritage of Oman has a positive impact on touristry industry & A ; attracts a batch of tourer around the universe. Culture The state has an good civilization and traditional life style of the people populating in. Even in the modernisation Oman is an Arabic state and offers a assortment of alone admirations. The Omani civilization has its roots steadfastly deep in the Islamic faith. Oman people are stuborn of the beliefs of different Muslim divisions.But they are besides tolerant towards the believes of other religions of people who are allowed to pattern their faith in churches and temples such as Indians. Moslems are required to pray five times each twenty-four hours after the call to prayer by the Imam. Ornate mosques are found throughout the Sultanate, but they are merely unfastened to the Muslim visitants. The holy month of Ramadan is a clip of fasting and praying. For around 29 to 30 yearss each twelvemonth, Muslims refrain from smoke, feeding and imbibing during the hours of fasting ( from dawn to sunset ) . So the people from non-Muslim occupants and visitants to the Sultanate are expected to detect the same rules in public. Wildlife & A ; Parks Oman has a wildlife, both on land and on the Waterss. The authorities has created rigorous Torahs in order to protect the animate beings such as the Arabian leopard and the Arabian Oryx. Nature militias have been set up throughout the Sultanate to protect the natural home grounds of mammals such as the leopard, Oryx, gazelle, taher, ibex, desert foxes and wild cats. The Waterss are place to 22 species of giant and mahimahi. Turtlenecks are attracted to Oman ‘s shores and capsize genteelness militias are located at Ras al-Jinz and the Dimaaniyat Islands. Oman has a great marine life and some of the best honkytonk sites in the universe. In peculiar, the Hallaniyat Islands and the Dimaaniyat Islands offers opportunities to see attractively coloured fish and unusual difficult and soft corals. Approximately 400 birds have been recorded in Oman during the seasons. Because the location of the state is at the hub of three different geographical land multitudes, It is host to many foreign species, such as the Golden Oriole, Nightjar and White Stork. In the genteelness season, public entry is prohibited to the Dimaaniyat Islands, where there is a bird sanctuary. During September to November, many bird of Joves migrate to Oman, such as the Imperial Eagle and the Greater Spotted Eagle. Oman is typically considered to be a ‘desert state ‘ , Oman astounds the visitant with its gardens, and luxuriant flowered shows run alonging the main roads and bypaths. All the Parkss are free to come in and normally have little bite stores or drinks stands available in it. Muscat has a several Parkss that varied in countries and location. The chief Parkss are Qurum Natural Park, Riyam and Al Naseem. Generally the Parkss attracts a batch of people because of the acuteness for seting trees inside these Parkss and increasing the green countries, the affair which encourage more people to bask sing them during official vacations. So the wildlife & A ; assortment of gardens of the state plays a critical function in pulling a immense figure of tourer around the universe.ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR OF GAS INDUSTRYSustainable development is guaranting that our present demands do non compromise the demands of our future coevalss. This method represents a various attack to pull offing our environmental, economic and societal resources for the long term. Our environmental aim for 2008 is to committee the 20 MMSCF capacity gas intervention installation, and recover the gas from the B Block production installation and Daleel Production Station, direct it to the gas intervention installation. The expected outputs from the gas intervention are about 400-500 bpd of liquefied crude oil gas and 500-600 bpd of NGL. Daleel is be aftering to committee the gas works this twelvemonth, and the first measure of the gas flaring is to cut down it from 13 MMSCF ( Current Production ) to 6 MMSCF. The ultimate purpose is to retrieve the gas watercourse and thin gas, which will be partially used for the centralised power coevals works and the thin gas will be re-injected back in the bing gas cap in the C-block, ready for flame uping. Petrogas recognizes that this invention is a critical ingredient for the protection of communities and additions company fight within the oil and gas sector. Petrogas is emerging as an industry leader in clean gas production and contributing to environmental protection and pollution bar, by cut downing degrees of hydrocarbons.A The Section of Environment, Energy, and Resources is the Prime Minister forum for attorneies working in countries related to environmental jurisprudence, natural resources jurisprudence, and energy jurisprudence. The Section is committed to supplying members with chances to heighten professional accomplishments, remain on top of current developments, and duologue in these substantial countries. Section rank will add to your professional accomplishment set and broaden your cognition. Clean Air Act The Clean Air Act ( CAA ) is the comprehensive federal jurisprudence that regulates air emanations from stationary and nomadic beginnings. Among other things, this jurisprudence authorizes EPA to set up National Ambient Air Quality Standards ( NAAQS ) to protect public wellness and public public assistance and to modulate emanations of risky air pollutants. Clean Water Act The Clean Water Act ( CWA ) establishes the basic construction for modulating discharges of pollutants into the Waterss of the United States and modulating quality criterions for surface Waterss. The footing of the CWA was enacted in 1948 and was called the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, but the Act was significantly reorganized and expanded in 1972. â€Å" Clean Water Act † became the Act ‘s common name with amendments in 1977. Energy Policy Act The Energy Policy Act ( EPA ) addresses energy production in the United States, including: ( 1 ) energy efficiency ; ( 2 ) renewable energy ; ( 3 ) oil and gas ; ( 4 ) coal ; ( 5 ) Tribal energy ; ( 6 ) atomic affairs and security ; ( 7 ) vehicles and motor fuels, including ethyl alcohol ; ( 8 ) H ; ( 9 ) electricity ; ( 10 ) energy revenue enhancement inducements ; ( 11 ) hydropower and geothermic energy ; and ( 12 ) clime alteration engineering. For illustration, the Act provides loan warrants for entities that develop or use advanced engineerings that avoid the by-production of nursery gases. Another proviso of the Act increases the sum of biofuel that must be assorted with gasolene sold in the United States. Environmental Law Institute The Environmental Law Institute provides information services, advice, publications, preparation classs, seminars, research plans and policy recommendations to prosecute and authorise environmental leaders the universe over. ELI s audience is taking environmental professionals in authorities, industry, public involvement groups and academe Natural Resources Defense Council ( NRDC ) NRDC is the state ‘s most effectual environmental action organisation. We use jurisprudence, scientific discipline and the support of 1.3 million members and on-line militants to protect the planet ‘s wildlife and wild topographic points and to guarantee a safe and healthy environment for all living things.OMAN LNG FACTORSOman Liquefied Natural Gas LLC ( Oman LNG ) is a limited liability incorporated joint venture company established by a Royal Decree and operated under the Torahs of the Sultanate of Oman. It engages in the concern of bring forthing and selling Liquefied Natural Gas ( LNG ) and byproduct Natural Gas Liquids ( NGLs ) . The Company undertakes, straight or indirectly, undertaking operations and activities necessary to liquefy, shop, conveyance and market Oman s natural gas and to present LNG to clients. The Company operates 3 liquefaction trains – 2 owned by Oman LNG LLC and 1 by Qalhat LNG SAOC – at its site in Qalhat near Sur with a nameplate capacity of 10.4 million metric tons per annum. The Company s activities contribute to the Government of Oman s aim of diversifying the economic system off from its current dependence on oil. Oman LNG s Head Office is in Muscat an the works is located on the seashore of Qalhat near Sur, in the Sharqiyah part.Our Core Valuess:1. Achieving HSSE ( Health, Safety, Security and Environment ) Excellence 2. Meeting our Commercial Challenges in partnership with our providers and purchasers 3. Prolonging Operational Integrity in everything we do 4. Attracting, Developing and Retaining the Right Endowment 5. Promoting our Brand, Enriching our Corporate Culture and Repute 6. Delivering Cost Leadership and 7. Guaranting Organizational Effectiveness Since our 1st lading in 2000, the Company has delivered ten old ages of of all time bettering returns on investing to our stockholders, uninterrupted supply of LNG and NGL to our clients, growing in the professionalism, experience and acknowledgment of our staff and a alone partnership with the authorities and people of Oman in support of sustainable economic autonomy and variegation. We intend to construct on what we have achieved, to research new avenues of chances in readying for future concern growing when the external environment allows and to construct upon our successes to procure our hereafter. The betterments that direction and staff are committed to accomplishing are captured as specific, mensurable, conveyable, realistic and time-framed cardinal public presentation indexs ( KPI s ) , some of which are presented in this one-year study.Individual Integrityoˆ‚? Populating the OLNG values oˆ‚? Making what is right even if: oˆ‚? No 1 is looking oˆ‚? You know you could acquire away with somethingProfessionalismoˆ‚? Producing quality work at all times oˆ‚? Efficiency and effectivity in transporting out assigned functions and dutiesAccountabilityoˆ‚? Delivering on promise based on in agreement marks oˆ‚? Showing ownership of mandated assignmentsOrganization Team workoˆ‚? Collaborating with others to present on organisational aims oˆ‚? Value differences and purchase on diverseness of the squadCare & A ; Respectoˆ‚? Listening to concerns of stakeholders oˆ‚? Respecting diverseness oˆ‚? Sing stakeholders demandsAuthorizationoˆ‚? Having assurance and trust in delegated duties to staff to put to death undertakings aptly oˆ‚? Coaching and mentoring to continuously develop staffBusinessTransparency & A ; Fairnessoˆ‚? Engage staff/stakeholders in an unfastened, crystalline and timely mode oˆ‚? Provide equal chance to all staff without bias oˆ‚? Impartiality in staff wages and acknowledgment oˆ‚? Build bravery to give nonsubjective feedbackReputation/ Loyaltyoˆ‚? Conformity with the jurisprudence and concern rules in order to keep credibleness with stakeholders and the licence to run oˆ‚? Uphold concern involvements at all times without transgressingEnvironmentBeach cleansing is a frequent activitySafetyEveryone has a function to playConformityRecipient of GCC s Best in Compliance to Environmental Standards Award Health, Safety, Security, Environment Quality HSSEQEXCELLENCE In 2009, Oman LNG continued its resoluteness for uninterrupted betterment in HSSE public presentation. Some of the high spots achieved were:Healthoˆ‚? Staff medical fittingness confidence: Oman LNG achieved 97 % against a mark of 85 % in 2009.Safetyoˆ‚? 0.6 Million Man-Hours achieved without a Lost Time Injury ( LTI ) by terminal 2009. oˆ‚? LTIF for 2009 was 0.72. oˆ‚? Introduced the 12 Life-Saving Rules that clearly define the â€Å" do s and wear T † in the activity countries with the highest potency for injury to people. The 12 regulations are being enforced to guarantee conformity by everyone who works with Oman LNG and allows them to return place safely every twenty-four hours. oˆ‚? 3 major runs amongst staff and contractors on: oˆ‚? Road Safety. oˆ‚? Good House Keeping. oˆ‚? Hazard Awareness. oˆ‚? Executed 6 care closures without LTI or TRC ( 3 Trains and 3 GTGs ) .Securityoˆ‚? Oman LNG completed the installing of new ‘state-ofthe- art security installations and systems to safeguard company assets and people. The undertaking was based on extended advice from the Royal Oman Police and our Security Advisors.Environmentoˆ‚? Oman LNG won the desired GCC Award for Conformity with Environmental Regulations in late 2008. oˆ‚? Company is to the full compliant with MECA demands in all its environmental licenses and â€Å" Licenses to Operate † . oˆ‚? No environmental incident occured in 2009. oˆ‚? Very low ( pacesetting ) flame uping rates, averaging 0.23 % of entire feedgas to works in 2009.Qualityoˆ‚? Successful re-certification audits of our: oˆ‚? ISO 9001:2000 Quality Management System. oˆ‚? ISO 14001:2004 Environmental Management System. oˆ‚? Successful re-certification audits of our: oˆ‚? ISO 17025 Laboratory Management System Brand & A ; Reputation 2009 continued to be another active twelvemonth in all countries of the Social Investment by the Company. Some illustrations of Oman LNG s parts:Healthoˆ‚? Supplied portable bosom echo-cardiograph system to Royal Hospital. oˆ‚? Supplied equipment for the Cancer Center at Royal Hospital & A ; Cytogenetic Laboratory at Khoula Hospital. oˆ‚? Funded the purchase and installing of equipment for a specialized Ear, Nose & A ; Throat ( ENT ) preparation research labEnvironmentoˆ‚? Construction of protection barriers in the Wilayat of Wadi Bani Khalid against carnal invasion. oˆ‚? Rearing of White Goats in Jabal Al Abiyadh, Heil Al Harem, and Wilayat of Dima Wa Al Tayeen.ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR OF AGRICULTURE AND FISHING INDUSTRYAgribusiness, farm animal and piscaries are among the oldest and most of import sectors of theA Omani economic system. They play a critical portion in feeding the population, supplying employment for big Numberss of Omanis and assisting to hike the state s GDP. The Batinah Region has the most day of the month thenars, Mangifera indica and calcium hydroxide trees, while the Governorate of Dhofar has the most coconut thenars. Agricultural advice and counsel programmes have been adopted to advance the usage of high-quality fertilizers and seeds, modern irrigation systems have been introduced on the farms and barriers have been built to supply protection against wadi inundations. Fisheries: With a coastline over 1,700 kilometers long, Oman is one of the chief fish-producing states in the part and theA piscaries sector is among its most promising sectors. Fishing is one of the state s oldest businesss. Fish agriculture is now a turning industry and a fish agriculture Centre is presently being set up, while the quality of the gimmicks is being improved, following the creative activity of the Fisheries Quality Control Centre. Marketing operations have been streamlined across the state and exports are now better regulated, peculiarly with respect to certain types of rare, high value fish. Fisheries developing Centres have been established in Al Khabourah and Salalah, informations and statistics on the fishing industry have been upgraded and new fishing seaports have been built and equipped with modern installations ; today there are angling seaports along the Omani seashore. The Seventh Five-year Development Plan ( 2011-2015 ) is committed to developing and keeping the Sultanate s aquatic resources, guaranting that the fishing evidences and coastal countries are decently managed, regulated and monitored. The Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation ( IORARC ) s Fisheries Support Unit is based in Oman. The unit promotes cooperation between member provinces in the direction of this critical – and renewable – resource. The Ministry has late carried out a programmed to better, develop and diversify the cultivation of field harvests and fresh fishs, with the purpose of placing the best local strains and bettering them. Under the programmed, new types of field harvests and fresh fish were evaluated and introduced to the Omani environment. Other aims included the readying of coders aimed at increasing the grain production of the field harvests and bettering field harvest cultivation methods. The programmed covered wheat, barley, fresh fish, Lucerne and silage. Research has been advanced in the survey of plagues and of works diseases. Particular attending has been given to diseases which attack calcium hydroxides, day of the month thenars, coconuts, bananas and tomatoes. Programmers have besides concentrated on biological bar methods. The Ministry provides the Omani husbandman with a figure of services which he is unable to set about on his ain, and which require high proficient and other installations. Spraying squads from the Ministry have been runing over big countries of day of the month gardens against a detrimental day of the month thenar chow ( mataq ) . They have besides been helping husbandmans in protecting their Fieldss with the usage of general pesticides. The Ministry besides offers farm ersploughing services for nominal hire charges at its agricultural development centres. New ordinances on agricultural and livestock subsidies were issued in 1992. The Ministry subsidies the cost of agricultural mechanical equipment to promote husbandmans to utilize it. Items covered include Big Dippers, harvesters, binders, chemical sprayers, mechanical proverb and little agricultural implements. Other subsidies cover chemical fertilizers, seeds, pesticides, fruit seedlings, plastic screens, cloches and compost. The Government has besides reduced unit monetary values of electricity and Diesel used for farming and agricultural industry undertakings. The policy of the Oman Agriculture and Fisheries Bank is to supply loans for all classs of husbandmans, with precedence being given to little husbandmans and productive agricultural undertakings. The Bank besides ad curates some agribusiness and piscaries loan programmes, and grants loans in cooperation with the relevant sections of the Ministry. Until duty was transferred to the Ministry of Water Resources at the beginning of last twelvemonth, the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries was responsible for the care of aflaj and the con struction of recharge dikes. The Ministry continues to work closely with the Ministry of Water Resources in doing the best usage of available H2O resources. During the current Five-Year Plan the Ministry has implemented a figure of undertakings, including a programme to de termine which land is suited for agribusiness, a survey of the south Ba tinah, where peculiar irrigation jobs have arisen, and a survey of the Salalah Plain in the South, with a position to presenting modern methods o f irrigation on farms. One of the Sultanate ‘s major, and most promising, programmes is the debut of nursery engineering. The Ministry has begun subsidising undertakings of this types, and intends to concentrate on green house agribusiness in its following Plan.A The Sultanate of Oman occupies the eastern corner of the Arabian Peninsula, stretching more than 1700 kilometer from the Strait of Hormuz in the North to the frontiers of Yemen in the South. The Musandam Peninsula, the most northern point of Oman is separated from the remainder of the state by Fujaira, which is one of the United Arab Emirates. The state is located between latitudes 16o 40 N and 26o 20 N and longitude 51oE and 59o 40 E. It occupies entire country of about 309,500 sq. kilometer, of which mountains, comeuppances and coastal fields represent 16 % , 81 % and 3 % , severally. It can be divided into the undermentioned physiographic parts, i. the whole coastal plain- the most of import parts are the Batinah Plain in the North, which is the chief agricultural country, and the Salalah Plain in the South ; two. the mountain ranges- that run in the north near to the Batinah Plain is the Jebel Al Akhdar with a extremum at 3,000 metres and in the utmost southern portion of the sta te, with extremums from 1,000 to 2,000 metres ; and iii. the internal regions- which lay between the coastal field and the mountains in the North and south consist of several fields with lifts non transcending 500 metres. The clime varies from arid in the interior parts, to humid in coastal countries to tropical in the southern parts of the state with a temperature scope from below nothing ( in Jebel Akdar and Jebel Shams ) to 50oC in summer in the desert. The mean one-year rainfall is about 100 millimeters, largely distributed between November and February, except in the Dhofar part where there is monsoon rainfall ( 200-250 millimeter ) during kharif ( July-September ) period. Agribusiness and Fisheries merchandises are among the chief non-oil trade goods that account for about 22.7 % of Oman non-oil exports in 2005 ( www.moe.gov.om ) . The agricultural merchandises that are exported include chiefly dried and fresh day of the months, dried calcium hydroxides, fresh fruits, and veggies. Over the past old ages, the authorities has made concerted attempts to better productiveness in agribusiness through modern irrigation techniques and harvest farming patterns. As a consequence, during the last decennary the production of day of the months has increased by 30 % while outputs of tomatoes, murphies, and alfalfa hold doubled. With the population increasing yearly at a rate of more than 3.28 % , there is a demand for increasing nutrient production and new schemes are being explored for accomplishing sustainable nutrient security.Agro-ecological parts of OmanTwo chief agro-climatic zones are recognized in Oman based on parametric quantities which influence potency of land, H2O resources and cropping forms: Northern Oman including Batinah Coastal field, Interior Oman and Dahira fields, Jebel Akhdar and Sharqiya fields. Southern Oman, Dhofar including Salalah field, Dhofar Jebel and Najd. 10Northern Omantraditional inundation system still remains the most common irrigation technique, which accounts to about 80 % . Oman has a broad diverseness of harvest workss for diet and nutrient or provender intent in add-on to other human usage. A figure of field harvests, veggies, fruit trees, forest trees, rangeland grazing land species, aromatic and medicative works species are autochthonal and known to be grown in the Sultanate since immemorial clip. Table 2 lists chief species for nutrient and agribusiness of Oman. Among these the most of import 1s are day of the months, banana, acerb calcium hydroxide, Mangifera indica, wheat, barley, garbanzo, onion, garlic, sweet murphy, Cucumis sativus, Citrullus vulgaris etc. With the exclusion of corn, oats, and sunflower, all the other species are considered autochthonal. Oman has non merely several local adapted cultivars and land races or ecotypes of harvest species such as Coola, Missani, Humaira, Walidi etc in wheat but besides wild relations of some harvest workss that form the beginning of stuff for harvest genteelness to reassign specific characters. Although systematic in situ and on-farm studies on the province of inter and intra-specific works diverseness have non been sufficient, there is grounds of an increasing force per unit area from several abiotic, biotic and societal factors on this diverseness. These factors include: I. Soil and H2O salt ; two. Overgrazing and deforestation of rangelands, three. Replacement of local cultivars by high giving modern cultivars ; four. Climate alterations doing utmost high temperatures and drouth ; v. Plagues and diseases, particularly viruses and virus-like diseases ; six. Urbanization of the exterior range/ cragged lands ; and, vii. Scarcity of irrigation H2O impacting farming diverseness. The state is transporting several activities sing preservation of works familial resources for nutrient and agribusiness which are as follows. 1. Surveying, stocktaking, and aggregation of PGRFA- since late 1980s. MAF has collected independently and in coordination with international organizations/institutes autochthonal germplasm accessions of veggies, fruits, eatages and grazing lands harvest workss ( Guarino, 1989 ) . Besides the Ministry of Heritage and Culture, Royal Gardens and Farms of the Directorate General of Agriculture & A ; Veterinary of the Royal Court and Sultan Qaboos University have been either keeping botanical gardens affecting autochthonal works species or printing the position of vegetations and zoologies and checklists of works species in the state foregrounding the endangered species 2. MAF is involved systematically in seed production of autochthonal harvest landraces and selected grazing land grass species and generation of seedlings of fruit tree species since 1980s and production of day of the month thenar outgrowths and banana seedlings through tissue civilization since 1990s. 3. MOA and Royal Gardens and Farms of the Directorate General of Agriculture & A ; Veterinary of the Royal Court, are presently pull offing several field genebanks of fruit and rangeland species. Seed Technology Unit of MoA has been late upgraded to National Gene Bank of Plant Genetic Resources. 4. Under the Royal Decree 6/2006, initial activities have been started to set up the Oman Botanic Garden in Seeb, Muscat by the office of the Advisor for Conservation of the Environment, Diwan of Royal Court. These included listing and collection of the mark works species. In situ preservation and direction of PGRFA in the state are carried out by both MoA and Ministry of Environment and Climatic Affairs ( MECA ) . MoA is concentrating on the preservation and direction of autochthonal landraces of field harvests, veggies, and grazing land works species, whereas MECA has reserved countries in different parts of the state with purpose of conserving the ecosystems..AENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR SUMMARYFast frontward to – in the close hereafter – a universe in which environmental costs are to the full internalized into the procedures of large concern. Those companies that have their systems ready now, and that are presently doing concern determinations around C costs, energy efficiency and H2O ingestion, will be good placed to harvest really important benefits in the hereafter. Water is indispensable to the hotel industry. Meanwhile, planetary ingestion of H2O is duplicating every 20 old ages, more than twice the rate of human population growing. Sup ply Tourism in a finite universe is finite, and yet demand has risen steadily as populations grow and ingestion per capita additions. With 22 % of planetary demand for fresh H2O coming from industry, pull offing H2O more efficaciously is a necessity instead than an option. Arguments over the finite nature of fossil fuels may be less distinct, but with a consensus on clime alteration driving both a displacement in client sentiment and alterations in statute law ( for illustration, the UK s new â€Å" CRC Energy Efficiency Scheme † introduced in April this twelvemonth ) , the demand for concern to cut down its ingestion of oil and gas, and to put in new energy beginnings, is copiously clear. The hotel sector is energy-intensive, disbursement over ?1bn each twelvemonth on energy and bring forthing 3.5m tones of C emanations yearly in the UK entirely, harmonizing to the Carbon Trust. Using cleaner and cheaper energy beginnings will assist non simply to cut down operational costs, but to increase fight and sustainability into the average term. Starwood is working toward both a 30 % decrease in energy usage and a 20 % lessening in H2O ingestion per available room by 2020. At their Aloft Hotel in Abu Dhabi, more than 90 % of the hot H2O at the 408-bedroom hotel will be supplied through energy from solar panels, salvaging an estimated 870 mega watt hours of electricity every twelvemonth. At Starwood s St Regis Aspen Resort, one of the first hotels in America to utilize e-tube solar engineering which utilizes the Sun as a natural heat beginning, they have installed over 1,300 solar e-tubes on the roof since the terminal of 2008. Component, Starwood s â€Å" green from the land up † trade name, made its ain history by going the first major hotel trade name to mandate that all belongingss pursue LEED ( Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design ) Certification. In-room recycling bins, water-efficient spigots and fixtures and eco-friendly pigments, rugs and furniture all contribute to the green docket. Alternatively of utilizing electric warmers to cut down humidness, Hyatt Regency Dubai uses hot air from the out-of-doorss to reheat the air in the air-handling units ( AHUs ) , roll uping an impressive 15,000 gallons, about, of condensate H2O per twenty-four hours from all AHUs and hotel room fan spiral units, which is so used in the chilling tower. In 2007, the Grand Hyatt Dubai implemented one of the largest solar panel installings in the Middle East, ensuing in a 50 % decrease in monthly fuel costs and a 4.5-year payback period. The hotel has since continued to spread out the system. And over in Singapore, Grand Hyatt is doing usage of Hyatt s Trigeneration Project that works by capturing wasted heat from generators and utilizing it to bring forth hot H2O, steam and infrigidation. The UK s largest hotel and eating house grou p has unveiled programs for a new green hotel and its first low C eating house, due to open in Burgess Hill, UK, in Autumn 2010. The development will utilize rainwater harvest home and gray H2O recycling for 100 % of its lavatory H2O usage, presenting a 20 % salvaging on the hotel s full H2O ingestion. Both the hotel and eating house will be built utilizing lumber frame building methods from sustainably sourced wood, leting for high degrees of insularity to accomplish ‘Turning surging temperatures into an environmental advantage – Hyatt Hotels and Resorts ‘New â€Å" green † hotel and a pledge to cut down C emanations by 26 % by 2020 – Whitbread ‘Reducing the C footmark by 25 % by 2017 maximal energy efficiency. Marriott International is presenting a green hotel paradigm that will be recertified by LEED, an internationally recognized green edifice certifi cation system designed by the US Green Building Council. By implementing these H2O effi ci ency steps, plus wash-on-request linen and towel policies and water-efficient kitchen and wash installations, Marriott estimates that H2O ingestion of a typical 100,000 ft2 ( 9290.30m2 ) select-service hotel will be reduced by over 3.8m liters per twelvemonth, salvaging 10s of 1000s of dollars per twelvemonth. Marriott s Courtyard Portland City Center ( LEED Gold Certificate ) is designed to utilize 30 % less energy, cut down H2O ingestion by 26 % and recycle or recycle 84 % of building waste. The International Tourism Partnership has a strong function to play in foregrounding best pattern in sustainability within the hotels sector, and in pressing the instance for farther alteration if the industry is to boom into the longer term. The good intelligence is that these issues are now steadfastly embedded on the dockets of the boards of many of the taking concerns in the sector. However, most of the steps that are either being planned or are already in topographic point point to incremental alteration over a figure of old ages. Examples of system-wide â€Å" riotous invention † that re-define the basic concern theoretical account ( built on premises of continual volume growing ) are harder to happen. And for both consumers and corporate looking to do determinations with the lightest possible environmental impact, the comparison of the many options available remains a important challenge. Oman is endowed with its rich biodiversity as it has non merely diversified traditional agribusiness affecting about all types of harvest species but besides huge rangelands particularly in Dhofar holding assorted grazing land species. It has broad diverseness of harvest workss for diet and nutrient or provender intent in add-on to other human usage. Some field harvests, veggies, fruittrees, forest trees and rangeland grazing land species have been autochthonal and known to be grown in the Sultanatesince clip immemorial. Oman has non merely several local adapted cultivars and land races or ecotypes of harvest species but besides wild relations of some harvest workss that form the beginning of stuff for harvest genteelness to reassign specific characters.

In what ways does Kathryn Bigelow undermine the conventions of action Essay - 1

In what ways does Kathryn Bigelow undermine the conventions of action cinema - Essay Example hall pay special attention to Point Break, as we seek to find out the various ways in which failed to adhere to the conventions of action drama in the drama. To begin, several critics have argued that the cast chosen by Bigelow prohibits the movie to be considered as an action movie. This is attributed to the fact that action movies as that time were expected to manifest pugnacious super-masculinity in the kind of super-muscled stars such as Sylvester Stallone and Arnold Schwarzenegger. Having such characters in an action movie would give the film its ‘action’ status a meaning. However, Bigelow deviated from the norm of action movies and decided to cast Patrick Swayze and Keanu Reeves, both of whom were linked to other roles (Bigelow). For instance, at that time, Reeves was casting as slacker-dude and a boy-man while Swayze was casting as a dancer and oily lover. It is evident that both of them lacked the masculine look that characterized male characters of action movies. Bigelow also centered the movie on extreme sports in in many scenes where she could have incorporated action sequences. In an action movie, one expects to see several scenes of shooting and car-chases. However, in Point Break, the director laid emphasis on skydiving and surfing to provide main action set pieces. It is also worth noting that ‘extreme sports’ as an extension of action movies was unknown as at that time. In this case, it can be considered that the movie did not clearly portray the conventions that are characteristic of action movies. Action movies were also centered towards the notion of police fighting the bad guys and arresting them. However, in Point Break, we see something that is of the contrary to this convention. Johnny while pursuing the â€Å"Ex-Presidents† after their botched robbery, he had clear shot of Reagan, one of the thieves, to the extent that he locked his eyes with him; he failed to collect himself together to shoot; thus, leaving Reagan to escape

Posters Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Posters - Essay Example Posters are used in almost all types of industries. Companies use them for advertising their products. They consider posters as one of the important way to reach the customers. It is an effective method of advertising, as most of the people who pass by that poster will definitely take a look at it. Posters can be in the form of banner and hoardings. They are put up at important places so that more number of people will observe it. The advertisers adopt various strategies to attract people. They make sure it reaches people of all strata of the society. They should be easier for the people to understand. The information should be in a short and clear manner. It should be concise and correct. As posters draw the attention of large number of people, the advertisers must be careful in selecting the picture and information. They must ensure that it does not convey any wrong data. Posters communicate with people in a better way than any other medium of advertisement. They are not only used for advertisement. In some cases, posters are used for spreading awareness among the public. Poster reaches the public easily and it is one of the best ways to convey information to the people. They are most sought after by the politicians. As they use it for canvassing during the elections, it acts as the best medium. Posters are a boon to film industry. They make use of posters to advertise about the upcoming movies. They put up the pictures of the film stars so that people will be more interested. It helps them in increasing the number of viewers for their film and it includes the necessary information regarding that film. Some posters include obscene pictures to lure the customers. There should be a censorship to control and have a check on this kind of unhealthy publicity by unwanted elements. This will spoil the future society as a whole and also the culture of our country. A poster depicting the Kumbh mela which is a religious function held in the year 2001. This gathering is conducted every 12years. This poster conveys the Indian tradition and integration as people from various parts of the country assemble to take part in this religious activity. Next poster exhibits the Elephant festival. This takes place every year in Kerala during the month of April and May. This shows the tradition of Kerala, where they consider elephant as an incarnation of god. A poster showing the dance form Bharatanatyam. It is the traditional dance form of Tamilnadu and one of the ancient dance forms in India. This type of poster will be displayed in places where such dance programs are held. This poster depicts the Durga Pooja which is held in West Bengal. It is a religious activity that is being performed every year during the month of October. This exhibits the diversity in the culture within India. This poster shows the boat race that took place in Kerala in the year 2002. It is an example of integration among the people of kerala. This is held every year during the festival of onam. The culture is being followed for many decades. As this race is held in a very grand manner, these kind of posters are put up all over Kerala. This poster of traditional bulfight was put up in villages of Tamilnadu during the pongal festival. Generally known as "jallikattu",this form of bulfight is conducted in Tamilnadu and few other parts of Andhra Pradesh. In this, a bag of money

Financial System at NEXT Plc in Relation to Its Performance Case Study

Financial System at NEXT Plc in Relation to Its Performance - Case Study Example Exploring the impact from the global conditions on the performance of the company being highly effective on firm understudy the report also assessed the future prospects for NEXT brand. The assessment upon developing concluding remarks suggests recommendations for business to maintain success. The recommendation includes a business suggestion to expand with a premium brand and adopting acquisition strategy and efforts to enhance value to gift line and sports. Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 Table of Contents 2 MANAGING THE ORGANISATION 5 The Financial Statements and Current Performance 5 Company Performance Comparison with Industry and Sector 8 The Impact of the Global Economy 12 Future Prospects of the Company 14 CONCLUSION 14 RECOMMENDATION 15 List of References 16 Appendix 18 INTRODUCTION NEXT has been in the business for around 150 years. Group in 1982 revolutionized business and created the brand NEXT. The brand put forward the retailing business for NEXT corporate with co llections of branded women wear and accessories. NEXT Plc offered an affordable line of offerings with distinctive styled products. Over years NEXT expanded the range to men wear in 1984; home interiors line has been introduced in 1985; children wear were introduced in 1987; in 1988 Next Directory was introduced offering a range of products for home shopping. In 1999 NEXT has launched online shopping version entitled NEXT Directory. This expansion credited NEXT Plc pioneer among the businesses offering sales services from triple modes i.e. from shops, by phone and then online. NEXT started day delivery standard and transferred almost 80% of the business online by 2001. NEXT Plc then launched ‘NEXT flowers’ followed by the launch of ‘NEXT gift line’ in the year 2005 (Next, 2012). Continuing with affordable offerings with distinguished style, NEXT Plc has expanded the signature brand in 2007 offering homeward and fashion. 2010 noted NEXT’s launch of NX Sports and then became official staff ware and another textile supplier for the Olympics Athletes Village (Next, 2012). Next Plc currently has 540 stores in the UK while NEXT Directory is serving almost 60 counties of the world with the majority of them being served directly and 14 countries being served through six partners. The success of NEXT can be gauged with fact that only NEXT Directory has 3.3 million active customers. NEXT Plc international has 170 stores in around 33 countries operated through a franchise business. The brand also has 19 company-owned stores in 7 countries (Next, 2012). Other areas of operation include NEXT Sourcing, the segment responsible for designing, sourcing, buying, merchandising and quality control operations of Next Plc products. NEXT Sourcing has the operation in the UK as well as China, Sri Lanka, India, and Hong Kong. In 2008, Next has also acquired fashion brand which is targeting younger women entitled Lipsy and the firm also generates busine ss through property management (Next, 2012). Figure 1 shows the share of business and profits in segments of business in all of Next Corporation for the year 2013. A share price of NEXT Plc has been trading at ? 43.36 as on 11/04/2013 with market capitalization? 6.99 billion (Next, n.d). Share price performance of Next Plc in comparison with FTSE and the general retailer has been shown in figure 2 in the appendix section.  

Are robots to blame for job polarization Research Paper

Are robots to blame for job polarization - Research Paper Example This fact has become a common concern. It was revealed that such a change is caused by a number of factors, among which there are: globalization, active and open trade, change in legislation and, the first and the outmost – the development of technology. â€Å"Such a decline had implications for the distribution of incomes. Labor income is more evenly distributed across U.S. households than capital income, while a disproportionately large share of capital income accrues to the top income households. As the share that is more evenly distributed declined and the share that is more concentrated at the top rose, total income became less evenly distributed and more concentrated at the top. As a result, total income inequality rose† (Jacobson and Occhino, 2012). That machines are able to replace living personnel, is a well-known fact. Many scientists state that rapid technological progress destroys workplaces much quicker, than creates new jobs. This causes the growth of ineq uality in the United States. Such situation occurs in other developed states as well. This is disturbing news as it undermines the belief in technological progress. Technologies are still considered to be a tool that increases the productivity and makes the society richer, but it has a dark side at the same time: technical progress destroys the need for many types of labor and put the average worker in the worst conditions than before. Innovations have never come so quickly, the median income is falling, and there are fewer workplaces. People cannot keep up with technologies, which are being improved so quickly that employees’ skills and organizational structures can’t keep up with the pace. The examples of how digital technologies threaten workplaces can be found everywhere. Automates have been applied in different production areas already for many years. Today in the United States and China fewer people than in 1997 are engaged in production due to automation. Automo bile plants

Writting assingment on john wycliffe (argument ) Essay

Writting assingment on john wycliffe (argument ) - Essay Example The childhood life and the environment in which John Wycliffe grew shaped his future life. According to Roberts, the birth date of Wycliffe is estimated to be around 1330 and he grew up in Yorkshire, England (1). During this period, the clergy people had great influence in the community and flourished an expensive life compared to the other citizens. It is these scenarios that influenced Wycliffe to become an anticlerical supporter in the world of religion. Roberts further states that Wycliffe was interested in studying English and was also interested in the matters of spirituality (1). These passions exhibited by Wycliffe at his tender age were reflected in his life at latter years. For instance, Wycliffe was motivated to study theology at Rector of Fillingham College and also contributed to the bible translation into other vernacular languages (Roberts). These kinds of activities require people with passion to learn and exercise their writing skills. It is after his studies and interaction with the clergy people that Wycliffe clearly understood and influenced his civilization concerning the Holy Scriptures and the conduct of the church leaders. Because of his spirituality and involvement in various church activities, Wycliffe was supported by the church for his further studies in Oxford University. Wholesome Words Organization cites that John Wycliffe once served at the parish of Ludgershall (1). This indicates that Wycliffe real life experience of the functioning of church in England. Moreover, Farley explains how Wycliffe was directly involved in the spread of the gospel. However, it is after joining the Oxford University as a scholar that Wycliff started attacking the Catholic clergy for practicing the ‘wrong’ approach in Christianity. It is also at this time that he became closer to the son of King Edward III and therefore received

Using technology within and across social encounters Essay

Using technology within and across social encounters - Essay Example Just like any other aspects of communication, mobile SMS is an evolving feature of the mobile phone technology where there is development of the wireless application protocol which is an open standard to all and it uses wireless communication. This creates the links between internets and it makes it possible to exchange text messages between internet applications and the mobile phones. Various mobile phones have also incorporated the use of the bleu tooth making it easier to interchange any electronic files of any kind between proximate mobile communication devices. With all these innovations SMS has still remained the most popular feature of the mobile phones that is frequently used by the mobile phone user but to some greater extent technological affordances have rendered the SMS massing very different from the environment from which the ordinary conversation was developed and used. In the social relation in which the SMS tend to be linked, research shows that SMS is focused on the issues that are specialized and restricted to a specific form of linguistic expression that is evolved in the context of the system affordances that most users have become costumed to. In essence text massages should be taken as a single entity when looking at the approaches from the perspective of their role in the social relationship. The study that is conducted by the Laursen is perhaps the only analysis that to date acknowledges that text messages are exchanged between the users of the technology and that some text massages tend to occasion responses in the form of the reply texts from their recipient even if the text does not make reply conditionally relevant. Text messages are made up of half-duplets units that do not operate the same way as the units of utterances in the communications meaning that SMS users engage in a synchronous communication which is

Turbo Tax & IRS FreeFile and a Software Program of the Intuit Company Research Paper

Turbo Tax & IRS FreeFile and a Software Program of the Intuit Company - Research Paper Example The IRS is the provider of the FreeFile that is also a program for filing taxes online. FreeFile assists in tax preparations and e-filing for free. A prospective user would need Turbo Tax software because of many reasons. One of the reasons relates to the ability of the software to support the online filing of tax returns. Through the capability, the software can help a user to save time that would others waste when moving to places of tax returns, and sometimes following along system to get clearance. Another reason that a prospect would love to use Turbo Tax software relates to its ability to run error checks. The software is able to perform error checks, and a final review of a user’s return to ensure that tax calculations are correct. Turbo Tax software has four major versions meant for different kinds of consumers. The first version is the Federal Free Edition that performs simple tax returns, and absolutely free. The second version is the Deluxe that maximizes an individual’s tax deductions. The Deluxe version of Turbo Tax costs $34.99 and is the most popular version. The third version of Turbo Tax software is the Premier, which is good for rental and investment property (Krantz, 2015). The Premier version costs $54.99. Home and Business is the fourth version of the Turbo Tax software. The edition costs $79.99 and appropriate for sole proprietors and small business operators. One can find the Turbo Tax software versions from the link https://turbotax.intuit.com/personal-taxes/compare.jsp. A prospective user would also want to use the IRS FreeFile program because of some good features of the software. The software is capable of performing deductions and analyzing tax history of the taxpayer and provides a comprehensive report to the effect (IRS, 2015). The FreeFile is also safe and efficient, which enable t to assure security, preserve privacy and allow quick access to user’s tax records. FreeFile also has features that support  the filing of tax returns for individuals earning below $60000.  

Gun Control Argumentative Essay Example for Free

Gun Control Argumentative Essay I stumbled over an argumentative article that at first, I did not understand completely. After doing a little research over the topic the author was discussing I quickly connected to his concern for her current children, as well as other children nationwide. What I learnt during my research is about the â€Å"Common Core Standards† that hundreds of thousands of schools follow and teach each year. She set her tone early in the paper so the reader could get an emotional stance on her position. Most common to side with the â€Å"non-common core standard† group is the mothers and fathers of children that are enrolled in many different schools. Whether it’s public or private, and religious or non-religious; each following one of the two choices they have. They can teach the Common Core Standards, or have a choice of what they believe each child will be able to keep up with. Each and every child is different, none are exactly the same. In saying that there is no possible way that the common core is an effective and well established standard for schools to follow. What one child can grasp easily and quickly may take another child longer and need another method of learning and studying in order to be as well knowledgeable as the first student. Others believe that the Common Core Standards are needed for schools to teach ids what they will need to be successful in their future. They see each child as someone that can study and try harder if they are not caught up with the other children, for they are all alike in their learning ways and don’t need special care when learning complicated material. As I see it, when they see a child that struggles in school should try harder or else they will fail, and that’s the end of it. No help to the struggling student or help towards the student that they should want to succeed and thrive in their future. She starts her opinion with a real-life experience that many can relate to. Whether its parents or grandparents they have tried their hardest to give their children what they thought was best. She tells us about how she has sent her 2 daughters through many schools, that have failed to provide her  daughters with the education she believed was right. They (the school) believed that every student was able to learn and act upon that learning in the same ways. She searched and searched through religious schools, private schools, and public schools; until she found one that believed in the power of the student. They moved from the east coast to Colorado where her daughters were enrolled in a school that allowed the girls to escape the corrupted, dumbed-down curriculum of an overpriced private girls school. She uses some examples of mothers that have started home-schooling their children for the sole purpose to get away from the Common core standard, they believe that they will be able to teach their children better than any teacher or school can because they can teach at the pace of the child. Therefore, the children learn in a way that is better for them and will expand the knowledge that they gain throughout their school years. She uses quotes from a mother that is also in her shoes to prove to people that this is a concern that has spread throughout our nation and is making parent take action to change the problem our children face every day Michelle states that â€Å"We were blessed to find a community of parents and public school educators in Colorado Springs who embrace high standards, academic excellence and strong character education for students of every race, creed and class,† she uses words and examples that are easy to understand and comprehend to even the simplest o f minds. All in all Michelle used real-life situations that weren’t only easy to relate to, but also to show her point of view easily and clearly. Imagine what the world would be like if everyone were to respond to the message Michelle is sending to us. Teachers would base their lesson plans on each individual student, pushing for that student to thrive in their studies and achieve what they know they can do. To plan studies that would work best with the students learning abilities. The school would look at the student as an individual, not as the whole student body as the same person. They would stray from thinking that no one is different from another on their learning abilities. Race, ethnicity and social status would not play a part in the education or outcome of each student’s achievements within the school. If no one pays attention to the message Michelle is sending to schools, teachers, and parents around our country; nothing will change. The education of our children, grandchildren, and great great grandchildren will struggle to  learn the material our government thinks they need to know, and learn how they think every student can learn. Our government controls many aspects of our live and environment, why let they control the way we learn and what we learn. They don’t know each individual personally, they have no knowledge on our learning abilities and the struggles we will face with learning certain material throughout our school years. Our educational departments in our nation will only decrease throughout the year if nothing is changed about our educational aspects in children’s lives. Michele did an excellent job on drawing the reader in with a personal story, kudos on the ethos. She wanted people to feel the pain her and her daughters felt throughout their years in school. Struggling with the materials because their teachers neglected to teach in a way that would be more suitable to their learning abilities, which would lead to higher test scores and higher colleges. Her tone, I believe, was perfectly out into this paper. Not to forward to the reader but was easily established in the paper so the reader could identify which side you were defending and the points you would be making throughout the paper. I think that her personal experiences, knowledge, and research are what made her opinion convincing. Knowing that she knew what she was talking about and could answer questions on this topic if need be was very reassuring that she knew her topic well enough to write an opinionated paper in a way to sway even the toughest cookie to her side.

Consumer Attitudes: Online Shoe Shopping

Consumer Attitudes: Online Shoe Shopping Segmentation is to identify homogeneous groups or customer segments in the market place that will respond in a consistent, predictable way to variations in the marketing mix (Reynolds, 2006). Previous market segmentation research studies indicate that market segmentation benefits firms in various ways. It directly influences the consumer decision-making process (Haley, 1968). Also, it generates new market segments and creates new business opportunities, which enables companies to overcome developing barriers and to achieve competitive differentiation. IKEA, Gillette and Microsoft are all successful examples. (Bowonder, 2010) The product that people choose to use or wear exactly reflects their life taste and social identity (Solomon and Barmossy, 2006). Belk (2003) think that the shoes consuming are crucial for both men and women which are not only a way of self presentation but also inseparable parts of our extended selves. Shoes are the mirror of our souls. Furthermore, people assume others from their footwear. They would rather bear the tortures from a pair of uncomfortable but stylish shoes than wear an average one, because they believe that shoes have the magic for their self achievement. 4.11 Consumer Attitudes towards Shoes Women are known to be much crazier on shoes than men. A research in America in 2000 showed that women aging from 16 to 74 owned more than twice pairs of shoes as men did on average. And lots of women owned over 50 pairs of footwear while none of the male respondents owned more than 30 pairs. However, men spent almost 25 dollars more on their most expensive shoes than women (Belk, 2003). Another survey of working women recently conducted by Mintel revealed why women are so keen on shoes. Forty-four percent of those who aged 18-34 said they needed two pairs of shoes for work, one for commute and the other one for wearing in the office. And almost two-thirds of participants said shoes helped them to achieve a fashionable working look (Dolliver, 2010). But the report in Minter about footwear retailing in 2008 demonstrated that Younger consumers are looking for better but affordable quality while the older care more about comfort and durability. The younger, especially men, are much more willing to buy shoes online. Once experiencing successful online shoes shopping, they are more likely to repeat purchase. In 2008, only 5 per cent adults aged over 15 buy shoes online, in which those who aged 15-24 and 35-44 more frequently buy shoes on the Internet (Mintel, 2008). 4.2 Competitor Benchmark Learning from the Icons in the same industry can help company quickly improve in an economically way. The most successful example online for shoes selling is Zappos.com from the USA. Although Chinese culture and economical environment are completely different from the USA, there is no border for business. Zappos business mode and managerial experience could be a good model for EA. Zappos online shoes selling business is in common with EAs e-commerce plan. It built up the brand online and reached $1 billion annual sales after 10 years effort (Zappos.com, 2009). There are more than 500 brands and 90,000 styles of shoes on Zappos.com with the price ranged from $20 to $2,000 to meet the needs of different consumer groups. Delivering high-quality online service and building up brand credibility by favourable WOM are the two key successful necessities to Zappos (BRAND WEEK, 2008). The store experience and the product try-on experience are the two highlights of physical shoes stores that online shoes shopping can hardly compare at present. However, the customer service, entertainment marketing as well as no sale area limitation are the benefits that most physical stores can never reach. Craig Adkins, Executive Vice President of Zappos, said that they dont compete with other online trade companies but compete with physical stores. The only reason that they have grown so quickly and won the game in the fierce competition is to offer the best customer service, product option and delivery speed possible (Zmzsk.com 2009). The interactive sections such as videos and blogs also provide more diversified customer experience and achieve the breakthrough of customer value. Namely, customer service, product variety, delivery and interactivity could be the four key points for EAs e-commerce. 4.3 Market Data Research There is barely any research about the shoes market or online market specifically focusing on the places EA plans to target (Beijing, Shanghai and Guangdong province). However, we could have a general understanding about the Chinese online shoes market as a whole from the small amount of literature. With the popularity of online business, a lot export trade companies have been stepping into the home market through the internet. Certain famous shoes companies also start to change their companies from traditional bricks and mortar to bricks and clicks, even majority click level. Needless to say, EA will meet the competitors threats when it starts the approach into the new market. China is the largest footwear manufacturing base as well as the largest footwear consuming market around the world. The sales volume of Chinese shoes market is huge and steadily growing by years due to the large population and the annual improvement of disposable income. Those who live in the big cities such as Beijing and Shanghai as well as the coastal cities in Chinas southeast have the greatest purchasing power. According to The 2009 China Leather Shoes Market Situation Analysis and Forecast Report from Beijing Heading Century Consulting Co. Ltd, 85% of the total shoes consumption in China is low-to-middle-level products whereas most high-end shoes are imported from abroad (Sewworld.com 2009). There is a gap of the high-end domestic footwear market for EA to fill. Suffering from the economic recession, export trade shoes companies all consider stepping into the domestic market which contains numerous consumers and large consuming potential. But lots of them failed. The main barriers for those companies to open the home market are enormous variations of the outdated product style, lack of distribution channels, unfamiliarity with the market and huge costs of human and financial resources. Still, a great deal of export trade companies plan to have a finger in the pie despite of the difficulties (Cnxz.cn 2009). That means a chance for EA to survive in the dog-eat-dog world as long as the company finds the right way. On the other hand, department stores and speciality shops are the main distribution channels of leather shoes, according to The 2009 China Leather Shoes Consuming Market Research from Beijing Heading Century Consulting Co. Ltd, with 51.5% and 40.1%. Certain famous Chinese shoes brands, for instance, Belle, Aokang and Daphne, have occupied the majority of the domestic market and there is little market share left for those not that well-know SMEs (Sewworld.com 2009). The competition among physical stores is extremely fierce. Therefore, the SMEs start to explore a new distribution channel by opening the online market. In fact, several shoes brands which have physical stores have opened the online market. Not only the SMEs, but also large and famous companies either have built an online shopping website or have set up a virtual store with B2C websites. According to the China B2B Research Centre, there are more than 100 million internet consumers in China in 2009, and the number of the SMEs with e-commerce has dramatically increased to more than seven million in the past six years. Nevertheless, online sales in the footwear industry are basically at the initial stage except for a few industry leading companies which have entered the Internet shoes market early and systematically operated it in a large scale (Zmzsk.com 2009). EA could seize the right moment to open up a new world. 4.4 Online Consuming Analysis More and more people have joined the dramatically growing group shopping online, but still lots of people hold a conservative attitude towards online transaction. Risk perception about offering personal information, online payment and product quality etc. prevents consumers from further purchase behaviour. How can we encourage people to be willing to take risk (Schoormanà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’2007)? How can we convert web visitors to buyers? Considerable previous studies proved that online trust building is the biggest issue facing e-marketing managers. Trust to a large extent determines the success of the relationship between buyer and seller and it is rather significant in the changeable e-business environment (Morgan and Hunt, 1994; Pavlou, 2003; Wang and Emurian, 2005). Establishing trust between shopper and sellers can reduce consumers uncertainty and rick perception. Furthermore, it has a positive impact on e-shoppers purchasing behaviour (Lim et al., 2010). There are manifold studies contributed to the definitions about trust. Deutsch (1962) thought that trust is an actions that increase ones vulnerability to another; Moorman (1992, p315) defined that Trust is the willingness to rely on an exchange partner in whom one has confidence; Sitkin and Roth (1993, p373) referred that trust is a belief in a persons competence to perform a specific task under specific circumstance. Whereas, Koufari and Sosa (2003) developed the concept of initial trust. In their opinion, trust can be built at the first time when people interact with the company, which directly influence the following consumer behaviour. Well-designed website and the good name of company can help visitors to form a positive attitude and against the risk of switching to competitors websites. Pleasant experience can gain a lot of new customers even at the first time. We agree that the first impression is very important, it may determine whether the future communication will continue or not. However, we believe that the temporary positive feelings aroused from the website are not equal to trust. Customers real faith towards the website requires companies to take continuous effort and to develop a good relationship with online consumers over time, such as offering an ongoing enjoyable interactive communication with customers. Furthermore, establishing and maintaining the trustful relationship can eventually affect the customers purchase intention (Bhattacherjee, 2002; Lee et al., 2001; Lim, 2001; Hoffman and Novak, 1996). Purchasing online involves risk, especially when a person lack experience with the online firm (Schlosser et al., 2006). In the particular case of EA, which just starts its approach to the domestic market, few people are aware of the company (reputation and size) and its products (brand and quality). Therefore, the progress of convincing consumers is fairly necessary and critical for EA, which means ongoing trust building is essential for EA to gradually convince its customers and maintain a good customer relationship. Thus, the present research is focused on investigating the importance and determinants of ongoing trust building. Numerous researchers have studied the importance of online trust building as well as the factors that influence the construction of trust in the virtual environment. For instance, Bhattacherjee (2002) claimed three key dimensions about the e-commerce trust: trustees ability, benevolence, and integrity. In his journal, he defines trustees ability as the trustors (website visitors) perception of trustees (online company) competencies and knowledge salient to the expected behaviour. For an online business, its website should clearly and successfully present the companys capabilities and professional skills (e.g. EAs expertise technology in making leather shoes) to increase the e-customers confidence via, for example, offering the list of the powerful partners, presenting detailed product or service information, designing an both attractive and functional (easy to understand/use/response) website. (Bhattacherjee, 2002) Benevolence here is referred to the faith in an online business that the company is willing to do more/extra service for the customers without profit consideration. The service or behaviour the online companies take can increase peoples confidence and sense of security. Its not possible for every company to offer extra service considering the additional cost. However, directed by the benevolent rules, online business firms should at least be completely aware that they need to respect their online consumers, fully understand their specific requirements, and work effectively and continuously on reducing web visitors uncertainties and worries. (Bhattacherjee, 2002) Integrity, in the e-shopping context, means customers confidence to the firms that their online commercial activities are directed under a set of moral principles or professional standards (Schlosser et al., 2006). In the practical virtual environment, the firms which conduct the integrity rules should attach great importance to the process of online transaction and relative service, the usage of consumers private data. These rules are practically linked with the realisation of company fulfilment, such as timely delivering, accurate record, reliable payment system and so on. (Bhattacherjee, 2002) In sum, indicated as the measurement of online trust building in many researches, trustees ability, benevolence, and integrity are associated with website design such as product presentation, attractiveness and usability, service quality, say delivery and payment system, and credibility (Bhattacherjee, 2002; Doney and Cannon, 1997). In other words, website design, credibility and service quality could contribute to purchase intention through ongoing trust building, and in the next section, a conceptual framework is built to testify it. 4.5 Conceptual Framework According to the studies on consumers relationship with companies (Bhattacharya and Sen, 2003), trust and online purchase intention (Schlosser et al., 2006), the key determinants of online satisfaction and the impact on the following behaviour (Zeng et al., 2009), the role of trust in online business (Lim et al., 2008) and online product presentations influence on peoples purchase intention (Park et al., 2005), we develop a conceptual framework about the key determinants that impact ongoing trust building, combining the practical situation of EA with previous studies on online shoes consuming characteristics. This study divides the contributors to ongoing trust building into three categories: (1) website design, (2) credibility and (3) service quality. The Research Model is presented below (Figure 1). It is predicted that website design, credibility and online service quality will affect consumers intention to purchase indirectly through ongoing trust building. Whats more, the study will discover whether the three contributors share equal weight of influence on purchase intention. In a word, we argue that if online consumers perceive high-level web design, high credibility and high-quality service, then they are more likely to trust in the online service provider, which in turn contributes to intention to purchase. The results will be able to offer the directions and guidelines for EA or future shoes business to improve their online marketing performance. Figure 1: Research Model 4.51 Ongoing Trust Building Crosby et al. (1990) defined trust as a conviction when the customer develops a tacit understanding with a seller, and a seller can be relied upon to behave in such a manner that the long-term interest of the customer will be served. Pavlou (2003) indicated that trust in e-commerce is the belief that allows consumers to willingly become vulnerable to web retailers after having taken the retailers characteristics into consideration. In the virtual world, customers cant access enough information about the company to build the trust, which makes it more difficult to achieve trust at the beginning of a relationship than in the physical world (Wirtz and Lihotzky, 2003). Therefore, on the basis of the previous literature review, we define ongoing trust building as the continuous efforts that create and maintain a consumers confidence in an online service providers ability, benevolence, and integrity in order to achieve a lasting buyer-seller relationship (Liang and Chen, 2009; Bhattacherje e, 2002). Several researches have studied trust in e-business. There are different points of view about the taxonomy of trust. For instance, Kim et al. (2005) thought trust impacts buyers purchase intention in four dimensions: trust in technology, trust in product, trust in institution and trust in information. Plank et al. (1999) categorized trust into three types: trust in product, trust in company and trust in salesperson and developed various sales strategies for each. Moreover, Lim et al. (2008) proposed three key trust variables specific to online automobile insurance business which are service trust, company trust and product trust. And this viewpoint was proved by Lim et al. (2010). In our opinion, services, products and company reputation are more paramount to EA as a high-end online shoes selling SME and require more trust from consumers. Thus, we argue that service trust, company trust and product trust could be the key variables to high-end online shoes selling business and EAs ong oing trust building should base on the three dimensions. For an online business, its website is the primary channel for contact and communication with its customers and it shapes the cognitive perception of the customer. That is why e-commerce companies are constantly looking for ways to improve their websites to make the interaction between the website and the customer more inviting, convenient, and ultimately conductive to purchasing their products and services. (Lim et al., 2010) As we mentioned in the previous literature review, consumer perception to the website has an indirect effect on purchase intention via ongoing trust building. Namely, consumers perceptions towards website design, credibility and service quality of an online service provider are positively associated with its ongoing trust building and ultimately influence consumers intention to purchase. 4.52 Website Design As the traditional shopping channel is gradually replaced by the internet, e-retailers have to rely to a great degree on the website interface, which is not only a critical medium to publicise itself and improve its reputation, but also a necessary channel to sell products and services as well as interact with web shoppers to win e-consumers trust (Rayport and Jaworski, 2001; Bellizzi, 2000; Hoque and Lohse, 1999; Jarvenpaa and Todd, 1996/1997; cited in Song and Zahedi, 2005). Features, component, information are three key components of website design (Song and Zahedi, 2005). A well-designed website can skilfully apply the three elements and attractively present valuable content in a clear-structured format with certain creative feature (Ahn et al. 2004; Konradt et al 2003), by which can increase web visitors interest and prolong their browsing time. The longer visitors stick to one particular website, the easier they are likely to form a positive attitude towards it, which could con tribute to a trustful relationship (Mccloskey, 2003-2004). New information technology is welcomed only when its useful and easy to use (Davis et al., 1989). Taylor and Todd (1995) also clarified that compatibility impacts peoples acceptance of technology. When people are searching or shopping online, the websites learnability, efficiency, memorability, infrequency of errors, and other key features of web design (Nielsen, 2000), such as the ease of use of the website, the quality of information, or the effectiveness of online transaction, are very significant. They dominate consumers following behaviours: to stick to the website or switch to another one, to view more information or actively communicate with the company via internet (Zeng et al., 2009; Koh and Kim, 2004; cited in Lin, 2007). In addition, attractive outlook or atmospheric stimuli in the offline shopping environment may increase consumers purchasing possibilities (Weinberg and Gottward, 1982; Weinberg and Gottward, 1994; cited in Wang et al., 2009). Similarly, well-designed website and skilfully application of the information technology can appeal web-visitors to stick longer to the website and have interactive communication with its staff (Heijden, 2003). And it was valued as the reason for satisfaction and subsequent trust (Martà ­n and Camarero, 2007). As Anderson (1980) referred that it is very important to catch peoples eyeballs at the first time, the visual appeals would possible influence the subjective judgment about the websites performance (Jennigns, 2000; Tractinsky et al., 2000). Approving this theory, Lindgaard and Fernandes (2006) also emphasised that a reliable decision can be made in 50 minutes. When consumers visit one website at the first time and the impression formed in the first 50 mi nutes could influence the consequent decisions. On the other hand, for apparel shopping, consumers are quite concern about the material, the fit, the colour and the quality of the products, but its difficult to know when people shopping in the virtual environment. Risk perception might be one of the most important reason that restrain consumers to purchase online (McCorkle, 1990; Ernst and Young, 2001; Park et al., 2005). As a result, presenting product in an attractive and convincing way is necessary to the online apparel companies. Also, pleasant virtual shopping experience may reduce the perceived risk which associated with online purchasing behaviour (Bhatti et al., 2000; Park et al., 2005). Furthermore, as mentioned above, one of most key factors for Zappos success is the shoes presentation in 360 degree with plenty of pictures, which minimise the uncertainties of online shoes shopping (Zappos.com, 2009). According to the empirical research conducted by Song and Zahedi (2005), website design can strengthen customers beliefs and consequently increase the tendency of purchasing online. Therefore, we assume that the website design presents a unique competitive advantage among all the e-commerce strategies and the website usability combined with novel design as well as the product presentation in a detailed and clear way lead to e-consumers ongoing trust building. H1: Web Design has a positive influence on ongoing trust building. 4.53 Credibility Credibility was defined as the consumer belief that a seller is competent, reliable, predictable, and honest, and would perform a potential transaction effectively and reliably, acknowledge explicit contracts, and fulfill the requirements of an agreement (Pavlou, 2002). It is another important contributor to the online trust building. Credibility was also described as believability and a credible website means a believable website (Fogg et al., 2001). Drawing on previous studies, credibility has been identified with two most important dimensions: trustworthiness and expertise. (Fogg et al., 2001; Corritore et al., 2003; Fogg and Tseng, 1999). Trustworthiness is characterised by the well-intentioned, truthful, unbiased behaviour, which requires the web-marketers to convey a real-world features towards its customers, that is to say, providing physical address and employee photographs, linking to outside materials and sources or stating a policy on content, to create a honest and accountable company image. Expertise can be proved by the professional knowledge or skills, sufficient experience and capability (Fogg et al., 2001). In the context of e-commence, e-retailers expertise and profession can be delivered to e-consumers by the demonstration of credentials or the proofs from a third party. As we mentioned before, the Internet is still considered as a risk shopping channel for public. E-marketers face the challenge of reducing the risk perception of shopping online when stepping into the online market where traditional face-to-face communications are replaced by the way of face-to-screen. Particular virtual characteristics require online business to offer a convincing mechanism. Some researchers have proved that feedback mechanism can positively support online transaction, functioning as WOM in the off-line commerce context (Pavlou, 2002). Additionally, reputation is a critical element in the online world, which can help e-retailers to reduce consumers risk perception and lead to the improvement of online trust (Pavlou, 2002). Positive comments from the third parties (previous buyers) have been examined to increase e-retailers reputation and can be a major source of information for trust building, which in turn improve online sellers credibility (Doney and Cannon, 1997, cited in Pavlou, 2002; Kim et al., 2004). Considering online feedback mechanism is a continuous two-way communication progress, it can also contribute to the ongoing course of online trust building. Thus, we hypothesise that a credible website with truthful and expertise features, supported by good reviews, positively affects the ongoingtrust building. H2: Credibility has a positive influence on ongoing trust building. 4.54 Service Quality Parasuraman (1985) defined service quality as the relative perceptual distance between customer expectations and evaluations of service experiences and service quality in his SERVQUAL model (Sung et al., 2009). High-quality service including regularly update web information, response customers enquiry immediately, easy and safe online payment system, clear return/chance/refund policies has a positive impact on website performance (Park and Kim, 2003). Technology development has laid a sound foundation for the service evolution of e-commerce. The increasing popularity and quality of broadband Internet access as well as advanced Web technologies have allowed online retailers to provide flexible and competitive services to their existing and potential customers. These technologies allow retailers to build their online stores and services, and effectively deploy strategies in all aspects of their operations (Lusch et al., 2007 and McCarthy and Aronson, 2000; cited in Ayanso et al., 2010). More and more web retailers are applying advanced information technologies and creative website features to offer better service to the customers (Dabholkar et al., 2003; Moitra and Ganesh, 2005; Tarafdar and Zhang, 2005; Udo and Marquis, 2001; Viswanathan et al., 2007; Wakefield et al., 2004). These refined technology-based website functionalities such as personalisation, advanced search tools and product cataloguing are remarkably popular among onl ine retailers (Chu et al., 2007). They couldnt offer such high-quality online service without the technology support. Many past researches have positively linked online service quality to e-commerce performance. Liu et al. (2001) pointed out four determinants that are significantly related to e-commerce success, which are information and service quality, system use, playfulness, and system design quality. Based on DeLone and McLeans study (2003), Liang and Chen (2009) identified service quality as one of the three important factors of information system success. Marimon et al. (2010) examined that high levels of online service quality has a positive impact on purchasing behavior. While lots of researches testified that service quality is a key attribute of the e-commerce success, several studies argued that none of them have established an empirical link association between online service quality and the retailers actual sales performance (Ayanso et al., 2010; Marimon et al., 2010). However, considering this study is a consultancy project which is reality-based, practical experience of other firms cant be ignored. In the case of Zappos we have learned that the most critical reason for them to develop so rapidly from an unknown company is customer service, especially the 365 day return and free shipping both ways policy. The main concern when people buying shoes online is that the purchased shoes do not fit them (in size/colour) because they cant try them on before ordering. Particularly in the case of EA, which is not famous and sells quite expensive shoes, a customer-friendly advanced delivery system helps to remove or at least reduce the concern, which is matched with the study conducted by Tan and Wu in 2004. Also, Parasuraman et al. (2005) identified fulfilment, the extent to which the sites promises about order delivery and product availability are fulfilled, as the most critical dimensions of e-service quality and Boshoff split fulfilment into delivery and reliability and proved it to be the strongest predictor of value perception (Parasuraman et al., 2005, Boshoff, 2007; cited in Marimon et al., 2010). Therefore, we argue that service quality could be a stronger antecedent of online trust building due to fulfilment aspect. Furthermore, Tan and Wu (2004) referred that, especially for the wholesalers and retailers in China, the barriers to employ online promotions were poor credibility monitoring systems both for vendors and consumers, awkward delivery systems, and lagging behind payment. A reliable payment system is also important for EA due to the high price of its products. People start to think more when its a large amount of money paying to a not well-known company. Moreover, Stockdale and Standing (2006) compared the benefits and barriers which SMEs should take into account for e-business. Apart from limited resources, one of the most possible barriers for SMEs is the lack of specific e-commerce marketing experience or e-busines s professionals. Especially in China e-commerce is still at the initial stage and organisations are exploring e-business while doing it. That is, another important attribute is e-business professionals. Perceived service quality significantly contributes to customer trust (Liang and Chen, 2009). Namely, the service quality of an online firm is positively linked with its ongoing trust building in three dimensions: e-business professionals, fulfilment and payment system. Accordingly, we propose that: H3: Service Quality has a positive influence on ongoing trust building. 4.55 Intention to Purchase We can expect that the various antecedents of online trust building web design, credibility, service quality have different effects on purchase intention. This expectation is based on the previous study about the behavioural consequences of customer satisfaction (Zeng et al., 2009). In the findings, five elements (fulfilment/reliability, customer service, ease of use and product/service quality) are directly/indirectly impact the customer behavioural consequence through overall satisfaction, while those behavioural consequences are practically and theoretically proved to demonstrate as loyalty to the firm, intention to purchase and repurchase, willingness to pay premium price, willingness to post positive reviews about the firm and its service, and recommendation to others (Bearden and Teel, 1983; Zeithaml et al., 1996; cited in Zeng et al., 2009). Customer satisfaction was found to possibly contribute to trust and satisfied customers mostly have high confidence in the company and their future transaction activities (Garbarino and Johnson, 1999; Geyskens et al., 1998; Ganesan, 1994; cited in Liang and Chen, 2009). Approved by their own research, Liang and Chen (2009) suggested that trusted consumers have more commitment and more willingness to develop a solid relationship with service providers than satisfied ones. This finding logically supports the prediction that trust has a positive influence on the intention to purchase/re purchase. Public Opinion: Gender Differences in Sex Abuse of Children Public Opinion: Gender Differences in Sex Abuse of Children Table of Contents (Jump to) 1. Introduction 2. Gender Bias 3. Gender Inequality 3. Registering of Sex Offenders 4. Limitations of the Research Approach 5. References 1. Introduction This dataset is analysed using the principal of thematic analysis. The dataset was extracted from media reports related to the case of a woman who abused her partner’s three-year-old daughter. Thematic analysis is a qualitative analytic method used for analysing or identifying themes across a dataset (Craver, 2014). The process is illustrated in the appendices, adopting the approach used by King and Horrocks (2010). One of the overarching themes in the analysis of the data relates to public opinion about gender differences in the sexual abuse of children. There are two sub-categories, namely gender bias and gender inequality. 2. Gender Bias Gender bias can be seen in the few quotes below: â€Å"A group of feminist not too long ago told me women never sexually abuse anyone only men I guess this women and those teachers that have been in the news recently don’t exist† â€Å"This cannot be true! Because feminists are constantly telling us that it is only men who are violent and abusive!† â€Å"It has been kept quiet over the years just how many women abuse children. I’m glad that she is being held accountable. â€Å"Another female paedophile, the myth of all women being gentle is lifted† â€Å"We hear so many stories of â€Å"boyfriends† of women being guilty of abusing a child, so this is quite shocking, what is her excuse? â€Å"We live in a gynocentric feminist so society. Had he not done it this way, she would have accused him, he would have been arrested, separated from his child and would never been believed. Ask the thousands of fathers to whom similar things have happened through malicious false accusations. Men a perpetrator. Women are victims. De facto† Analytic research done by Landor and Eisenchlas (2012) shed some light on gender bias in Australian print-media reports regarding sexual acts. The authors gave two case studies. First, they described the teacher Mary Kay LeTourneau’s marriage to her former student, with whom she had been engaged in a sexual relationship since he was 12 years of age. The headline they use as an example reads: â€Å"School lovers tie knot†. The contrasting case advanced by the authors was related to the story of Brisbane teacher Allan Thomas Walters, who was charged with indecency in his dealings with a 13-year-old boy; the example headline reads: â€Å"More time for pervert†. The two case studies advanced by the authors are very similar in terms of the age of the victim and the offences committed. However, the media clearly portrayed LeTourneau’s case in a less negative way than Walters’ case. The article uses the comparison appropriately throughout, although the arg ument presented is unbalanced. Another example of gender bias was given by Tsopelas et al. (2012), in which a victim of a female perpetrator was not believed when they made allegations to the authorities. This suggests that a higher standard of evidence is required in cases of child sex abuse by female perpetrators. It can be seen on the data transcript that some people were angry that the father had to put the girl through more abuse before enough evidence could be gained. â€Å"My stepmother, a famous person, abused my little brother like this when he was a toddler. To this day, despite my witnessing it and my brother being terrified of her, my father refuses to believe us. If only we too could have planted a camera† â€Å"Another awful thing about this is that with the knowledge that his daughter was being abused in order for him to gather evident the child had to endure another vile attack† â€Å"Its so sad that the faher had to put his daughter through two more violent events in order to get proff but I guess he had no choice.† â€Å"Well done for showing self restraint altho I don’t agree with the way the child was put thu the abuse again in order to abtain more damning evidence† â€Å"Men a perpetrators. Women are victims. De facto† â€Å"†¦..after just having read bat those poor wretched girls in Rotherham. Authorities there should all be sacked, how can this happen, seriously? â€Å"Reading the comments made I can say that the Father did the right thing 1. He had a recording of what was happening the Child screaming, yelling, crying for Help. That is not enough proof for the Police, that can be classified as Child Abuse only. 2. He had to have actual evidence for the Police, Courts. Of the actual act been committed for his (Partner) to be prosecuted in court in accordance with the law. She could have turned all against him, had he not had that important piece of evidence, so she can be convicted and from now on be classified as a Paedophiler(visual/audio proof). 3. Gender Inequality Gender inequality is the second sub-category. Geddes, Tyson, and McGreal (2012) discovered that female teachers who have committed sexual acts with a student are punished more leniently compared to male counterparts. The study also found that participants showed significantly more anger towards male teachers who commit such acts. However, the sample size of the study was not equally distributed: although the author randomly sent out the questionnaire to 250 female students and 250 male students, out of 130 respondents, 86 were female and 44 were male. Geddes, Tyson and McGreal (2012) believed a sample size of more than 30 participants was large enough to obtain significant values, based on a test run on the violation assumption using analysis of variance. However, it is important to achieve a gender-balanced sample size to study gender bias. Gender inequality can be found in the following comments: â€Å"As usual not naming this monster, but a guy doing this would have his picture and name plastered all over the media† â€Å"Why isn’t she being named, if it was a bloke his name would be plastered everywhere for what he did† â€Å"This woman is a common filthy pedophile and must go to jail, as men go to jail. Anything other than jail would serve as proof there are not equal rights between the genders† â€Å"2Guaranteed this woman will not do jail I don’t care what that judge said, however if the roles were reserved this would be another matter† â€Å"Who recalls the push for laws where women would be allowed to have the police run back ground check on potential partners. Do man get this right? If not why not?† Angelides (2008) discusses another aspect of gender inequality in child sex-abuse cases. The author presented two examples involving a teacher-student relationship. One involved Karen Ellis, a 37-year-old teacher who committed sexual offences with a child under the age of 16. She was sentenced for six months. On the other hand, tennis coach Gavin Hopper pleaded guilty of having a sexual relationship with his 14-year-old student and was jailed for two years and three months. On the basis of this comparison of two similar situations Angelides (2008) presents a very good argument regarding the principal of gender equality in the sentencing of offenders. While judges have shown some leniency towards female perpetrators, comments from the data seem to express a wish to see harsh punishment for sex offenders. For example: â€Å"A nice long sentence I hope† â€Å"I’d lock her in solitary confinement and feed her food under the door and weld it up so she could not be released.† â€Å"Jail this pedophile for life† â€Å"This woman is a common filthy pedophile and must go to jail, as men go to jail. â€Å"Hope the horrible woman is jailed for a long time. â€Å"It’s the other prisoners who could be her real punishment† â€Å"VILE WOMAN THROW THE BOOK AT HER† Statistics have shown that sex-offender treatment programmes have a small but positive effect on sex offenders (Craissati, South, Bierer, 2009). However, in some patriarchal cultures such as in India, harsher punishments are meted to stop violence against women (Gill, Harrison, 2013). Gill and Harrison (2013) discussed both punitive options and the kinds of treatment that are available for sex offenders in relation to the sexual violence issue in India. The punitive options are demonstrably based on the human-rights principle regarding the death penalty. Gill and Harrison (2013) believed that harsh punishment might not be the best approach to sex offences in the justice system in India. Sex-offender treatment programmes might be a better strategy. Declining moral standards is another overarching theme. Males were dominantly viewed as perpetrators of child sex abuse in the 1980s, with females appearing almost exclusively as victims (Tsopelas, Tsetsou, Ntounas and Douzenis, 2012). Current literature is paying more attention to the role of female sexual abusers. This cultural shift was due to the increasing of the proportion of female sex offenders in all sexual-assault arrests from 1% in 1994 to 8% in 1997 (Vandiver and Walker, 2002). Below are the illustrative quotes from the data that show public disappointment about declining moral values in society: â€Å"Britain in the 21st century† â€Å"What the hell is wrong with people. Why would you harm an innocent child?† â€Å"What has gone so wrong in our world when so much of this is happening?† â€Å"Some people say it was always so, but I dont believe that at all. I think its an epidemic now† â€Å"I remember my childhood as being safe and secure. Parents were always there for me. I wish it could be the same for all children. What a horrible world we live in† â€Å"Something is clearly wrong in this godforsaken world we live in† 3. Registering of Sex Offenders One further overarching theme is related to legislation. Registering of child sex abusers is practised by many Western countries such as the USA and the United Kingdom. The general public tend to want sex offenders to be put on a register in order to protect the general public. But other find this labelling could create a barrier to sex offenders reintegrating with society (Bollinger, Seidler, Kemp, 2012). The study by Bollinger, Seidler and Kemp (2012) found an interesting result: people with children wanted more punitive approaches towards sexual offenders, even when not fully aware of the purpose of a register. A few relevant quotes are shown below: â€Å"I hope shes put on the domestic abuse register† The attacker has, IMO, no right to anonymity† â€Å"so she can be convicted and from now on be classified as a Paedophiler† â€Å"Around here we are starting to name and shame people that don’t pick up their dog mess YET they don’t name or shame these disgusting vile people? We have right to know who she is. However, some quotes suggest perpetrators should not be named, in order to protect their victims: â€Å"The anonymity of the perp is to protect the identity of the child, not the perp. As a victim of sexual abuse there is an automatic protection of identity† The problem with naming and shaming is that if the perpetrator of the abuse is known to people in the area, the little girl would also be identified by association which is often best avoided† 4. Limitations of the Research Approach Thematic analysis is a popular method widely used in qualitative research (Braun Clarke, 2013). However, this qualitative method can be subject to the personal bias of researchers (Vaismoradi, Turunen, Bondas, 2013) as well as the researcher’s grounding in epistemological philosophy. Hence, it is important to take the philosophical perspective into account when choosing the design for the study. 5. References Angelides, S. (2008). ‘Sexual offences against â€Å"children† and the question of judicial gender bias.’ Australian Feminist Studies, 23(57), 359-373. Doi: 10.1080/08164640802233302 Bollinger, J., Seidler, K., Kemp, R. (2012). ‘Who thinks what about child protection: Community perceptions and awareness of child protection strategies and their effectiveness for reducing sexual reoffending.’ Sexual Abuse in Australia and New Zealand, 4(4), 33-40. Retrieved from http://eds.a.ebscohost.com/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=4sid=4f62b2c7-f642-47e6-b828-1f128e44c525%40sessionmgr4001hid=4213 Braun, V., Clarke, V. (2013). Successful qualitative research: A practical guide for beginners. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Craissati, J., South, R., Bierer, K. (2009). ‘Exploring the effectiveness of community sex offender treatment in relation to risk and re-offending.’ Journal of Forensic Psychiatry Psychology, 20(6), 769*784. Doi: 10.1080/14789940903174105 Craver, G.A. (2014). ‘Not just for beginners – A review of successful qualitative research: A practical guide for beginners.’ The Qualitative Report, 19 (review 16), 1-4. Retrieved from http://www.nova.edu.ssss/QR/QR19/craver16.pdf Geddes, R.A., Tyson, G.R., McGreal (2012). ‘Gender bias in the education system: Perceptions of teacher-student sexual relationships.’ Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 1-11. Retrieved from http://www.tandfonline.com Gill, A.K., Harrison, K. (2013). ‘Sentencing sex offenders in India: Retributive justice versus sex offender treatment programmes and restorative justice approaches.’ International Journal of Criminal Justice Sciences, 8(2), 166-181. Retrieved from http://eds.a.ebscohost.com/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=7sid=bf077283-9215-4735-9500-dad6353ad5fc%40sessionmgr4001hid=4213 King, N., Horrocks, C. (2010). Interviews in qualitative research. London: Sage Publications Ltd. Landor, R.V., Eisenchlas, S.A. (2012). ‘â€Å"Coming clean† on Duty of Care: Australian print media’s representation of male versus female sex offenders in institutional contexts.’ Sexuality Culture, 16, 486-502. Doi: 10.1007/s12119-012-9134-5. Tsopelas, C., Tsetsou, S., Ntounas, P., Douzenis, A. (2012). ‘Female perpetrators of sexual abuse of minors: what are the consequences for the victims?’ International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 35(4), 305-310. Doi: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2012.04.003 Vandiver, D.M., Walker, J.T. (2002). ‘Female sex offenders: An overview and analysis of 40 cases.’ Criminal Justice Review, 27(2), 284-300. Retrieved from http://cjr.sagepub.com/content/27/2/284 Vaismoradi, M., Turunen, H., Bondas, T. (2013). ‘Content analysis and thematic analysis: Implications for conducting a qualitative descriptive study.’ Nursing and Health Sciences, 15, 398-405. Doi: 10.1111/nhs.12048